Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in Black South African HIV-positive subjects are associated with both high viral load and low CD4 counts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genevieve Mezoh ◽  
Nereshni Lutchman ◽  
Catherine. Worsley ◽  
Maemu gededzha ◽  
Elizabeth Mayne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
South African ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Black South African

scholarly journals Subclinical atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in patients with HIV infection: is there any new diagnostic test?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Arnaiz de las Revillas ◽  
Vicente Gonzalez-Quintanilla ◽  
Jose Antonio Parra ◽  
Enrique Palacio ◽  
Claudia Gonzalez-Rico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Calcium Score ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cd4 Cells ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Introduction: To analyze the association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. Methods Prospective cohort study of HIV positive patients who underwent to intimate thickness (IMT) determination and coronary artery calcium score to determine subclinical atherosclerosis. To detect endothelial dysfunction breath holding index, flow mediated dilation and concentration of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) were measured. Results Patients with an IMT ≥ 0.9 mm had an average of 559.3 ± 283.34 CD4/µl and those with an IMT < 0.9 mm 715.4 ± 389.92 CD4/µl (p = 0.04). Patients with a low calcium score had a significantly higher average of CD4 cells value and lower zenith viral load than those with a higher score (707.7 ± 377.5 CD4/µl vs 477.23 ± 235.7 CD4/µl (p = 0.01)) and (7x104 ± 5x104 c/ml vs 23.4 x 104 ± 19 x 104 c /ml (p = 0.02). Early EPCs concentration in patients with a CD4 nadir < 350/ul was lower than concentration among those presenting a CD4 nadir ≥ 350 (p = 0.03). Conclusion In HIV positive patients low CD4 cells levels and high viral load were associated to a higher risk of developing subclinical atherosclerosis.HIV patients with less CD4 cells may have fewer early EPCs.

scholarly journals Dietary intake and body composition in HIV-positive and -negative South African women

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 1603-1613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie V Wrottesley ◽  
Lisa K Micklesfield ◽  
Matthew M Hamill ◽  
Gail R Goldberg ◽  
Ann Prentice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
South African ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
African Women ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
South African Women ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Negative

AbstractObjectiveThe present paper examines dietary intake and body composition in antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative South African women, as well as the impact of disease severity on these variables.DesignBaseline data from a longitudinal study assessing bone health in HIV-negative and HIV-positive premenopausal South African women over 18 years of age were used. Anthropometry and body composition, measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, were analysed together with dietary intake data assessed using an interviewer-based quantitative FFQ.SettingSoweto, Johannesburg, South Africa.SubjectsBlack, urban South African women were divided into three groups: (i) HIV-negative (HIV−; n 98); (ii) HIV-positive with preserved CD4 counts (HIV+ non-ARV; n 74); and (iii) HIV-positive with low CD4 counts and due to start ARV treatment (HIV+ pre-ARV; n 75).ResultsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity was high in this population (59 %). The HIV+ pre-ARV group was lighter and had a lower BMI than the other two groups (all P < 0·001). HIV+ pre-ARV women also had lower fat and lean masses and percentage body fat than their HIV− and HIV+ non-ARV counterparts. After adjustment, there were no differences in macronutrient intakes across study groups; however, fat and sugar intakes were high and consumption of predominantly refined food items was common overall.ConclusionHIV-associated immunosuppression may be a key determinant of body composition in HIV-positive women. However, in populations with high obesity prevalence, these differences become evident only at advanced stages of infection.

scholarly journals A study on cervical cytopathology in HIV positive pregnant women in Southern part of Assam, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3490
Author(s):  
Arun Paul Choudhury ◽  
Tanaya Acharyya
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Abnormal Cytology ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Hiv Negative

Background: The association between abnormal cervical cytology and HIV infection status in pregnant women was evaluated to correlate with CD4 cell count, viral load and ART compliance in HIV positive pregnant patients with the presence of ASC-US, LSIL and HSIL.Methods: Cervical samples were collected at the Antenatal Clinic of Silchar Medical College and Hospital. An Ayre’s spatula was used to collect samples from the ectocervix and a cytology brush to collect samples from the endocervix.Results: Of a total of 75 antenatal attendees, 43 were HIV positive and 32 were HIV negative. Abnormal cytology (N=26, 60.46%) was more common in HIV positive group compared to the HIV negative group (N=7, 21.87%) with a p value of <0.05. Cytological abnormalities were found to be associated with immunosuppression, defined as CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 and was also associated with high viral load(>10,000/mm3) and poor treatment follow up with ART.Conclusions: HIV positive pregnant women are more likely to have cervical lesions as compared to the HIV negative. This higher frequency of abnormal findings in PAP cytology in HIV positive pregnant women with higher viral loads suggest association between preinvasive cervical lesions and human immune deficiency.

Age at Diagnosis of Preinvasive and Invasive Cervical Neoplasia in South Africa: HIV-Positive Versus HIV-Negative Women

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis-Jacques Jean van Bogaert
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age At Diagnosis ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Black South African ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesions

Hypothesis:Human immunodeficiency virus-positive women develop invasive cervical cancer at a significantly earlier age than seronegative women. It is hypothesized that this might result from shorter preinvasive stages.Methods:Prospective observational study of histologically diagnosed 398 low-grade (LGSIL), 738 high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HGSIL), and 1048 invasive cancers (IC) in a black South African population. The study comprised of 493 (22.6%) seropositive women and 1691 (77.4%) seronegative women who served as the controls. All were subdivided into 5-years age bands.Results:The mean age at diagnosis of LGSIL and HGSIL was similar in the cases (t= 0.7;P= 0.49) and the controls (t= 1.2;P= 0.22). The mean age at diagnosis of IC was significantly younger in the HIV-seropositive women than in the HIV-seronegative women (t= 14.0;P< 0.0001). The relative age distribution curves of LGSIL, HGSIL, and IC evolved close to each other in the cases. In the seronegative women, there was an 18-year lag between the peak age distribution of HGSIL and IC.Conclusion:Our data support the hypothesis of a shorter preinvasive stage in HIV-positive women.

scholarly journals Immune activation is associated with decreased thymic function in asymptomatic, untreated HIV-infected individuals

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thandiwe Manjati ◽  
Bongani Nkambule ◽  
Hayley Ipp
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Thymic Function ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Inflammatory Damage ◽  
Combined Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Positive Treatment ◽  
Immunological Reconstitution

Background: Reduced thymic function causes poor immunological reconstitution in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART).The association between immune activation and thymic function in asymptomatic HIV positive treatment-naive individuals has thus far not been investigated.Aims and objectives: To optimise a five-colour flow cytometric assay for measurement of thymic function by measuring recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients and healthy controls and correlate results with levels of immune activation, CD4 counts and viral load.Methods: Blood obtained from 53 consenting HIV-positive individuals and 32 controls recruited from HIV prevention and testing clinic in Cape Town, South Africa. RTEs were measured (CD3+/CD4+/CD45RA+/CD31+/CD62L+) and levels were correlated with CD4 counts of HIV-infected individuals, log viral load and levels of immune activation (CD8+/CD38+ T-cells).Results: HIV-infected individuals had reduced frequencies of RTEs when compared to controls (p = 0.0035). Levels of immune activation were inversely correlated with thymic function(p = 0.0403), and the thymic function in HIV-infected individuals showed no significant correlation with CD4 counts (p = 0.31559) and viral load (p = 0.20628).Conclusions: There was impaired thymic function in HIV-infected individuals, which was associated with increased levels of immune activation. The thymic dysfunction was not associated with CD4 counts and viral load. Immune activation may result in inflammatory damage to the thymus and subsequent thymic dysfunction, and CD4 counts and viral load may not necessarily reflect thymic dysfunction in HIV.

scholarly journals Pharmacogenetics of tenofovir and emtricitabine penetration into cerebrospinal fluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric H. Decloedt ◽  
Phumla Z. Sinxadi ◽  
Lubbe Wiesner ◽  
John A. Joska ◽  
David W. Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
South African ◽  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
P Value ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Black South African

Background: Blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier transporters affect the influx and efflux of drugs. The antiretrovirals tenofovir and emtricitabine may be substrates of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-CSF barrier transporters, but data are limited regarding the pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics of their central nervous system (CNS) penetration.Objectives: We investigated genetic polymorphisms associated with CSF disposition of tenofovir and emtricitabine.Method: We collected paired plasma and CSF samples from 47 HIV-positive black South African adults who were virologically suppressed on efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine. We considered 1846 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from seven relevant transporter genes (ABCC5, ABCG2, ABCB1, SLCO2B1, SCLO1A2, SLCO1B1 and ABCC4) and 782 met a linkage disequilibrium (LD)-pruning threshold.Results: The geometric mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) values for tenofovir and emtricitabine CSF-to-plasma concentration ratios were 0.023 (0.021–0.026) and 0.528 (0.460–0.605), respectively. In linear regression models, the lowest p-value for association with the tenofovir CSF-to-plasma ratio was ABCB1 rs1989830 (p = 1.2 × 10−3) and for emtricitabine, it was ABCC5 rs11921035 (p = 1.4 × 10−3). None withstood correction for multiple testing.Conclusion: No genetic polymorphisms were associated with plasma, CSF concentrations or CSF-to-plasma ratios for either tenofovir or emtricitabine.

scholarly journals Association between high aflatoxin B1 levels and high viral load in HIV-positive people

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.E. Jolly ◽  
S. Inusah ◽  
B. Lu ◽  
W.O. Ellis ◽  
A. Nyarko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Viral Loads

Since both aflatoxin and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause immune suppression, chronic exposure to aflatoxin in HIV-positive people could lead to higher levels of virus replication. This study was conducted to examine the association between aflatoxin B1 albumin adduct (AF-ALB) levels and HIV viral load. Antiretroviral naive HIV-positive people (314) with median CD4 count of 574 cells/μl blood (mean ± standard deviation = 630±277) were recruited in Kumasi, Ghana. Sociodemographic and health data, and blood samples were collected from participants. The plasma samples were tested for AF-ALB and HIV viral load. Univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted using viral load (high/low) as the outcome and AF-ALB quartiles as exposure. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed between quartile AF-ALB, viral load and CD4 adjusting for sex, age, and year of HIV diagnosis. Both univariate and multivariable logistic regression showed that viral load increased as AF-ALB levels increased. By univariate analysis, high viral load was 2.3 times more likely among persons in the third AF-ALB quartile (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 4.51), and 2.9 times more likely among persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile (CI: 1.41, 5.88), compared to persons in the first quartile. In the multivariable model, persons in the fourth AF-ALB quartile were about 2.6 times more likely to have high viral loads than persons in the first quartile (CI: 1.19-5.69). When AF-ALB and viral load were log transformed and linear regression analysis conducted, the univariate linear regression analysis showed that for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, viral load increased by approximately 1.6 copies/ml (P=0.0006). The association was marginally significant in the adjusted linear regression model (i.e. for each pg/mg increase in AF-ALB, the mean viral load increased by approximately 1.3 copies/ml, P=0.073). These data show strong and consistent increases in HIV viral load with increasing AF-ALB levels. Since the median and mean CD4 were greater than 500 cells for participants in each AF-ALB quartile, the results indicate that the immune modulating and virus transcription effects of aflatoxin may occur quite early in HIV infection, even while the CD4 count is still above 500, resulting in higher viral loads.

scholarly journals Stroke in Black South African HIV-Positive Patients

Stroke ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Mochan ◽  
Mala Modi ◽  
Girish Modi
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Black South African

scholarly journals The Underrated Salivary Virome of Men Who Have Sex With Men Infected With HIV

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Guo ◽  
Xiaojie Huang ◽  
Xintong Sun ◽  
Yixi Yu ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Severe Immunosuppression ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv 1

Salivary virome is important for oral ecosystem, but there are few reports on people living with HIV. We performed metagenomic sequencing to compare composition and functional genes of salivary virobiota between one HIV-negative and four HIV-positive groups in which participants were all men who have sex with men (MSM) with different immunosuppression statuses (five samples per group) to find the evidence that salivary virobiota plays a role in the pathogenesis of oral disease. Acute-stage subjects achieved a positive result of HIV RNA, but HIV antibody negative or indeterminate, whereas individuals with mild, moderate, and severe immunosuppression exhibited CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of at least 500, 200–499, and less than 200 cells/μL or opportunistic infection, respectively. The results showed the composition of salivary virus genera in subjects with mild immunosuppression was the most similar to that in healthy people, followed by that in the acute stage; under severe immunosuppression, virus genera were suppressed and more similar to that under moderate immunosuppression. Furthermore, abnormally high abundance of Lymphocryptovirus was particularly obvious in MSM with HIV infection. Analysis of KEGG Pathway revealed that Caulobacter cell cycle, which affects cell duplication, became shorter in HIV-positive subjects. It is worth noting that in acute-stage participants, protein digestion and absorption related to the anti-HIV-1 activity of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor was increased. Moreover, in the severely immunosuppressed subjects, glutathione metabolism, which is associated with the activation of lymphocytes, was enhanced. Nevertheless, the ecological dysbiosis in HIV-positive salivary virobiota possibly depended on the changes in blood viral load, and salivary dysfunction of MSM infected with HIV may be related to CD4 counts. Ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase subunit M1 in purine metabolism was negatively correlated, though weakly, to CD4 counts, which may be related to the promotion of HIV-1 DNA synthesis in peripheral blood lymphocytes. 7-Cyano-7-deazaguanine synthase in folate biosynthesis was weakly positively correlated with HIV viral load, suggesting that this compound was produced excessively to correct oral dysfunction for maintaining normal cell development. Despite the limited number of samples, the present study provided insight into the potential role of salivary virome in the oral function of HIV infected MSM.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document