scholarly journals Stroke in Black South African HIV-Positive Patients

Stroke ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Mochan ◽  
Mala Modi ◽  
Girish Modi
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Black South African

Age at Diagnosis of Preinvasive and Invasive Cervical Neoplasia in South Africa: HIV-Positive Versus HIV-Negative Women

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis-Jacques Jean van Bogaert
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age At Diagnosis ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Black South African ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesions

Hypothesis:Human immunodeficiency virus-positive women develop invasive cervical cancer at a significantly earlier age than seronegative women. It is hypothesized that this might result from shorter preinvasive stages.Methods:Prospective observational study of histologically diagnosed 398 low-grade (LGSIL), 738 high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HGSIL), and 1048 invasive cancers (IC) in a black South African population. The study comprised of 493 (22.6%) seropositive women and 1691 (77.4%) seronegative women who served as the controls. All were subdivided into 5-years age bands.Results:The mean age at diagnosis of LGSIL and HGSIL was similar in the cases (t= 0.7;P= 0.49) and the controls (t= 1.2;P= 0.22). The mean age at diagnosis of IC was significantly younger in the HIV-seropositive women than in the HIV-seronegative women (t= 14.0;P< 0.0001). The relative age distribution curves of LGSIL, HGSIL, and IC evolved close to each other in the cases. In the seronegative women, there was an 18-year lag between the peak age distribution of HGSIL and IC.Conclusion:Our data support the hypothesis of a shorter preinvasive stage in HIV-positive women.

scholarly journals Pharmacogenetics of tenofovir and emtricitabine penetration into cerebrospinal fluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric H. Decloedt ◽  
Phumla Z. Sinxadi ◽  
Lubbe Wiesner ◽  
John A. Joska ◽  
David W. Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
South African ◽  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
P Value ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Black South African

Background: Blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier transporters affect the influx and efflux of drugs. The antiretrovirals tenofovir and emtricitabine may be substrates of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-CSF barrier transporters, but data are limited regarding the pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics of their central nervous system (CNS) penetration.Objectives: We investigated genetic polymorphisms associated with CSF disposition of tenofovir and emtricitabine.Method: We collected paired plasma and CSF samples from 47 HIV-positive black South African adults who were virologically suppressed on efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine. We considered 1846 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from seven relevant transporter genes (ABCC5, ABCG2, ABCB1, SLCO2B1, SCLO1A2, SLCO1B1 and ABCC4) and 782 met a linkage disequilibrium (LD)-pruning threshold.Results: The geometric mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) values for tenofovir and emtricitabine CSF-to-plasma concentration ratios were 0.023 (0.021–0.026) and 0.528 (0.460–0.605), respectively. In linear regression models, the lowest p-value for association with the tenofovir CSF-to-plasma ratio was ABCB1 rs1989830 (p = 1.2 × 10−3) and for emtricitabine, it was ABCC5 rs11921035 (p = 1.4 × 10−3). None withstood correction for multiple testing.Conclusion: No genetic polymorphisms were associated with plasma, CSF concentrations or CSF-to-plasma ratios for either tenofovir or emtricitabine.

The Socio-Economic Challenges of South African Indigenous Musicians: A Case Study of Venda-Based Vho-Ntshengedzeni Mamphodo

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N G Mugovhani ◽  
Lebogang Lance Nawa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Arts Management ◽  
Black South African ◽  
Indigenous Music ◽  
Entire Country

This article discusses and raises awareness about the socio-economic plight of indigenous musicians in South Africa. Through a qualitative case study of the Venda musician, Vho-Talelani Andries Ntshengedzeni Mamphodo, dubbed the “Father of mbila music,” the article highlights the fact that the welfare of Black South African artists, particularly indigenous musicians in South Africa, is generally a precarious affair. Their popularity, at the height of their careers, sometimes masks shocking details of exploitation, neglect, and the poverty they are subjected to, which are exposed only after they have died. Empirical data identifies this as a symptom of, among other things, cultural policy and arts management deficiencies in the promotion of indigenous music. The article aims to find ways to redress this unfortunate situation, which is partially a product of general apathy and scant regard that these artists have perennially been subjected to, even by their own governments, as well as some members of their societies. All these factors mentioned are compounded by ignorance on the part of South African artists. Part of the objective of this study was to establish whether the exposition of the Vhavenda musicians is a typical example of all Black South African indigenous musicians and, if this is the case, whether the suggested ways to redress this unfortunate situation could contribute to or play a role in alleviating the plight of such artists in the entire country.

Disclosing Child Sexual Abuse during Forensic Assessments of the Black South African Child

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jabulani Makhubele ◽  
Selelo Frank Rapholo
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
South African ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
African Child ◽  
Black South African ◽  
Forensic Assessments ◽  
South African Child ◽  
Forensic Interviewers

Child sexual abuse is a social and health issue that affects citizens across the globe. It has a number of physical, psychological and emotional consequences. Children are reluctant to talk about their involvement in sexual abuse owing to various reasons. Therefore, forensic interviewers need to understand the process of disclosure when conducting forensic assessments. They also need to be watchful of various dynamics that are likely to have an impact on the disclosure rate. The aim of this study was to describe the dynamics during forensic assessments in the context of the black South African child when disclosing child sexual abuse. A descriptive design using stratified random, purposive and convenient sampling techniques to select the participants was employed, resulting in 14 participants (13 were females and only one was male). The data were collected by means of semi-structured in-depth interviews and were thematically analysed using the Nvivo program. The findings reveal that personal characteristics of the child and the interviewer, their communication abilities, blind assessments and informed allegation interviews have an impact on forensic assessments of black South African children. It is concluded that the dynamics of disclosing child sexual abuse during forensic assessments in terms of the variables of the study are not unique, except in terms of sociocultural value systems, beliefs and customs. As a result, it is recommended that the forensic interviewers come to the developmental level of the child, speak his/her language or use translators for him/her to understand, and to follow blind assessments interviews as opposed to informed allegation interviews. However, informed allegations interviews are recommended when assessing very young children.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal modelling and mapping of cervical cancer incidence among HIV positive women in South Africa: a nationwide study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhokotera Tafadzwa ◽  
Riou Julien ◽  
Bartels Lina ◽  
Rohner Eliane ◽  
Chammartin Frederique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
South African ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
The South ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
Access To Health

Abstract Background Disparities in invasive cervical cancer (ICC) incidence exist globally, particularly in HIV positive women who are at elevated risk compared to HIV negative women. We aimed to determine the spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal incidence of ICC and the potential risk factors among HIV positive women in South Africa. Methods We included ICC cases in women diagnosed with HIV from the South African HIV cancer match study during 2004–2014. We used the Thembisa model, a mathematical model of the South African HIV epidemic to estimate women diagnosed with HIV per municipality, age group and calendar year. We fitted Bayesian hierarchical models, using a reparameterization of the Besag-York-Mollié to capture spatial autocorrelation, to estimate the spatiotemporal distribution of ICC incidence among women diagnosed with HIV. We also examined the association of deprivation, access to health (using the number of health facilities per municipality) and urbanicity with ICC incidence. We corrected our estimates to account for ICC case underascertainment, missing data and data errors. Results We included 17,821 ICC cases and demonstrated a decreasing trend in ICC incidence, from 306 to 312 in 2004 and from 160 to 191 in 2014 per 100,000 person-years across all municipalities and corrections. The spatial relative rate (RR) ranged from 0.27 to 4.43 in the model without any covariates. In the model adjusting for covariates, the most affluent municipalities had a RR of 3.18 (95% Credible Interval 1.82, 5.57) compared to the least affluent ones, and municipalities with better access to health care had a RR of 1.52 (1.03, 2.27) compared to municipalities with worse access to health. Conclusions The results show an increased incidence of cervical cancer in affluent municipalities and in those with more health facilities. This is likely driven by better access to health care in more affluent areas. More efforts should be made to ensure equitable access to health services, including mitigating physical barriers, such as transportation to health centres and strengthening of screening programmes.

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