HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Postexposure Prophylaxis in Japan: Context of Use and Directions for Future Research and Action

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony S. DiStefano ◽  
Makiko Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Postexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Context Of Use ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

scholarly journals Prevalence and Correlates of Pregnancy Self-Testing Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Western Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Njeri Nganga ◽  
Julia Dettinger ◽  
John Kinuthia ◽  
Jared Baeten ◽  
Grace John-Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Self Testing ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Abstract In sub-Saharan Africa little is known about how often women use pregnancy self-tests or characteristics of these women despite evidence that pregnancy self-testing is associated with early antenatal care (ANC) attendance. Understanding the characteristics of women who use pregnancy self-tests may facilitate early access to ANC and preventive interventions in pregnancy. We conducted a cross-sectional survey on an ongoing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) implementation study which enrolled pregnant women to determine the prevalence and factors associated with pregnancy self-testing among women in western Kenya. Overall in our study population, the prevalence of pregnancy self-testing was 22% and higher among women who were employed, currently in school, had previous pregnancy complications, received services from urban health facilities, and had partners who had at least attended secondary school. The most reported reasons for non-use of pregnancy self-tests included not thinking it was necessary, lack of knowledge, and lack of money to pay for the test. Future research should focus on understanding the knowledge and attitudes of women toward pregnancy self-testing.

scholarly journals Whether to Waive Parental Permission in HIV Prevention Research Among Adolescents: Ethical and Legal Considerations

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie J. Bauman ◽  
Claude Ann Mellins ◽  
Robert Klitzman
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Study Participation ◽  
Parental Permission ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Ethical And Legal Considerations ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Privacy And Confidentiality ◽  
Adolescent Participation

Critical ethical questions arise concerning whether studies among adolescents of new behavioral and biomedical HIV preventive interventions such as Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) should obtain parental permission. This paper examines the relevant regulations and ethical guidance concerning waivers of parental permission, and arguments for and against such waivers. Opponents of such waivers may argue that adolescent decision-making is “too immature” and that parents always have rights to decide how to protect their children. Yet requiring parental permission may put adolescents at risk, and/or limit adolescent participation, jeopardizing study findings’ validity. This paper presents recommendations on when researchers and Institutional Review Boards (IRB) should waive parental permission, and what special protections should be adopted for adolescents who consent for themselves, e.g., assuring adolescent privacy and confidentiality, screening for capacity to consent, and identifying adolescents who are at elevated risk from study participation. We also present a series of specific areas for future research to design tools to help make these assessments, and to inform researcher and IRB decisions. These recommendations can help ensure that research is conducted that can aid adolescents at risk for HIV, while minimizing risks and protecting these individuals' rights as much as possible.

scholarly journals Canadian guideline on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis

2017 ◽  
Vol 189 (47) ◽  
pp. E1448-E1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell H. S. Tan ◽  
Mark W. Hull ◽  
Deborah Yoong ◽  
Cécile Tremblay ◽  
Patrick O’Byrne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Canadian Guideline ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

scholarly journals Is there sufficient scientific evidence to rule out the use of hydroxychloroquine for postexposure prophylaxis of COVID-19?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Llorenç Quintó ◽  
Jose Miguel Morales-Asencio ◽  
Raquel González ◽  
Clara Menéndez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Postexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Rule Out

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been surrounded by a lot of controversy, both scientific and non-scientific. This has continued with the publication of two trials of HCQ for post-exposure prophylaxis of the infection, which concluded that HCQ is not efficacious to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, and their results are influencing public health decisions.We have carried out a comprehensive post-hoc analysis of the statistical power of the two trials, which shows that their power to detect an effect of HCQ in preventing COVID-19 is low, not only for their observed effect size, but also for other clinically important levels of efficacy, and therefore both studies are inconclusive.

scholarly journals A Study of Generic Structure Potential in Select Sermons of Reverend E.M.F Oshoffa

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 01-11
Author(s):  
Festus Moses Onipede ◽  
EDUN, Olayinka Modinat2
Keyword(s):  
Church Of Christ ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Generic Structure ◽  
World Languages ◽  
Large Audience ◽  
Context Of Use

This research aimed to examine the obligatory and optional linguistic elements, the generic structure, and the pragmatic imports of the linguistic elements identified in Reverend EMF Oshoffa's sermons. Reverend Emmanuel Mobiyina Friday Oshoffa is selected out of many white garment Churches because of the large audience that listens to him as the Supreme Head of Celestial Church of Christ worldwide. In this study, we purposely studied thirty-two (32) excerpts selected from Reverend EMF Oshoffa's sermons through participants and non-participant observations. The findings revealed the GSP catalogue for Reverend EMF Oshoffa as [P]^ [S]^ (DoP)^ [Se]^ {(CfC)^ (WtF)}^ [F].The elements generated in the catalogue include: prayer P, Song S, Greeting G,  Declaration of Purpose DoP, Sermon Se, Call for Confession CfC, Welcome to the Fold WtF, and Finis F. While DoP, CfC and WtF are optional, the remaining ones (P, S, G,Se and F) are obligatory. The findings revealed that most registers used in patterning CCC sermons feature 'angelic registers' whose meanings cannot be traced to any world languages, but their meanings can be inferred from the context of use. Notable registers of the sermon featured El-beraca-bered-Eli, Elmorijah, Elohimjah, and Eli-Bamah-Yabah. The paper concluded that the elements of GSP catalogued here are typical of CCC sermonic discourse. Therefore, it is suggested that future research could apply this model to other sermonic discourse of other denominations, most especially White Garment Church such as Cherubim and Seraphim, to further test its validity.

Characterization of Emergency Department Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Procedures with an Infectious Diseases Clinic Referral Process

2020 ◽  
pp. 001857872097388
Author(s):  
Jessica J. Frederickson ◽  
Alexandra K. Monroe ◽  
Gregory A. Hall ◽  
Kyle A. Weant
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Referral Process ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Care Plans ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Purpose: Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (rPEP) in the emergency department (ED) is associated with high costs, complicated administration protocols, and a time-sensitive vaccination series that often requires ED follow-up visits for subsequent vaccine administration. This study sought to characterize the number of redirected vaccine administrations in those patients referred to ID Clinic, guideline compliance, and opportunities for improvement. Methods: Retrospective chart review of adult and pediatric patients presenting to the ED from 2016 to 2019 and prescribed rabies immunoglobulin. Results: Of the 89 patients included, 66.3% were referred to ID Clinic. Those referred to clinic had significantly fewer average visits to the ED for repeat vaccination ( P < .001). Of the 177 vaccinations prescribed for patients referred, 105 were administered in clinic. Overall, having insurance significantly increased the odds of completing the prescribed vaccination series (Odds Ratio (OR) = 4.34, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.34 to 15.52). Among those patients referred to clinic, having insurance significantly increased the odds of receiving any follow-up doses in clinic (OR = 6.00, 95% CI = 1.48 to 25.98), receiving all of their prescribed follow-up doses in clinic (OR = 10.00, 95% CI = 1.72 to 190.80), and completing the entirety of their vaccination series (OR = 5.89, 95% CI = 1.50 to 26.21). Conclusions: The use of an ID Clinic referral process for rPEP resulted in a significant reduction in the average number of visits to the ED for repeat vaccination, hence avoiding 105 ED visits. Insurance status was a significant factor in both the utilization of the ID Clinic referral system and overall completion of the vaccination series. Future research should explore workflows inclusive of both ED care and outpatient follow-up, care plans for the uninsured, and mechanisms to limit the number of patients that fail to complete the recommended vaccination series.

scholarly journals Occupational exposures and utilisation of HIV postexposure prophylaxis amongst health workers of three hospitals in Tanzania’s Lake Zone

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogatus Kabyemera ◽  
Albino Kalolo ◽  
Geethika Fernando ◽  
Susan Bergson
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Needle Sticks

Occupational exposures predispose health workers (HWs) to a risk of HIV infection. When properly used, HIV Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) can significantly reduce this risk. Th purpose of this study was to determine the extent and types of occupational exposures, availability of PEP guidelines, and utilisation of PEP amongst HWs. A cross-sectional mixed methods baseline study was conducted between March and May 2014 using a structured questionnaire administered to 236 HWs from Shinyanga, Sengerema and Musoma hospitals in Tanzania. Relationships between variables were determined using the chi-square test. Qualitative data was gathered during interviews with key informants and walkthrough observations in the hospital wards, and analysed using the framework method. Majority of respondents were nurses (53%), over 40 years old (61%) with more than 20 years (40%) of hospital experience. Needle stick and sharp injuries were experienced by 31% of respondents whilst 26% experienced splashes. Only 28% of splashes were reported compared to 80% and 68% of needle sticks and sharp injuries, respectively. Those who experienced needle sticks were more likely to report the incident (p < 0.001), receive testing (p < 0.003) or PEP (p = 0.005). Although 66% reported the availability of PEP guidelines, only 39% of exposed HWs received PEP. Occupational exposures are common in these hospitals. HWs under-report and suboptimally use PEP services. Health worker safety programmes should establish functional systems for reporting and adherence to PEP procedures. Future research should establish factors that determine compliance with PEP procedures.

Queer Safer Sex Communication

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kami Kosenko
Keyword(s):  
Safer Sex ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Partner Communication ◽  
Trauma History ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Sex Communication ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Although communication scholars have been exploring the role of partner communication in sexual health promotion since the 1960s, the term safer sex, and its corollary safer sex communication, emerged in the late 1980s in the wake of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, which was and still is disproportionately affecting queer individuals. Numerous studies, along with some meta-analyses, point to the protective potential of safer sex discussions, defined here as the communicative management of health concerns with sex partners. Despite scholarly agreement regarding its importance, the term safer sex communication has received little explication, and much of what is known about it comes from studies with predominantly heterosexual samples. A review of the literature on queer safer sex communication points to some key issues related to age, race, trauma history, place, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and suggests important considerations for future research efforts.

Framing the Context of Use for Mobile HCI

2012 ◽  
pp. 217-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satu Jumisko-Pyykkö ◽  
Teija Vainio
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Mobile Computing ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Descriptive Model ◽  
Context Of Use

The need to better understand the role of context has emerged after the revolution of mobile computing, as such devices are used in heterogeneous circumstances. However, it is difficult to say what context of use in mobile human-computer interaction actually means. This study summarises past research in mobile contexts of use and not only provides a deeper understanding of the characteristics associated with it, but also indicates a path for future research. This article presents an extensive and systematic literature review of more than 100 papers published in five high-quality journals and one main conference in the field of HCI during the years 2000-2007. The authors’ results show that context of use is still explored as a relatively static phenomenon in mobile HCI. Its most commonly mentioned characteristics are linked to social, physical, and technical components, while transitions between the contexts were rarely listed. Based on this review, a descriptive model of context of use for mobile HCI (CoU-HMCI) summarising five components, their subcomponents and descriptive properties is presented. The model can help both practitioners and academics to identify broadly relevant contextual factors when designing, experimenting with, and evaluating, mobile contexts of use.

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