Racial/Ethnic Inequities in Paid Parental Leave Access

Two themes in legislative activity in 2010 were national uniformity and some movement in using law to promote equality, especially gender equality. The Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) came into full effect with the commencement of the new safety net provisions and the referral to the Commonwealth of industrial relations powers over private-sector workforces in all states except Western Australia. Progress continued on the promised harmonization of Australian occupational health and safety laws with the release of a model Work Health and Safety Bill by Safe Work Australia, although developments in some states threaten to derail the process. An attempt to repeal most of the industry-specific regulation of the building and construction industry failed. The Federal Parliament passed legislation establishing a national paid parental leave scheme, and a number of changes to federal discrimination laws came into effect or were proposed, including the potential consolidation of federal discrimination legislation. This article provides an overview of these developments at federal level and concludes with a discussion of developments in the states including a brief overview of Victoria’s new equal opportunity legislation.

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Among Low-Income Women In San Francisco, Low Awareness Of Paid Parental Leave Benefits Inhibits Take-Up

Health Affairs ◽

10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00157 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (7) ◽

pp. 1157-1165 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Julia M. Goodman ◽

Holly Elser ◽

William H. Dow

Keyword(s):

San Francisco ◽

Low Income ◽

Parental Leave ◽

Low Income Women ◽

Paid Parental Leave

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Ambivalence about Children in the Family Building Process in Sweden

Finnish Yearbook of Population Research ◽

10.23979/fypr.48423 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 57-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eva Bernhardt ◽

Frances Goldscheider

Keyword(s):

Transition To Parenthood ◽

Parental Leave ◽

Strong Support ◽

Strong Impact ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

First Child ◽

Building Process ◽

The Family ◽

Child Allowances ◽

Paid Parental Leave

Sweden provides strong support for childbearing and parenthood, including generously subsidized medical, maternal, and child care, paid parental leave, and child allowances. In this context, attitudes towards parenthood are likely to have a particularly strong impact on the decision about whether and when to have children. We examine the links between first births and holding attitudes about children, not just of positive and negative attitudes, but also of ambivalence, namely those who both value children but also value the things that compete with parenthood for young adults’ time and other resources. Our analysis shows, measuring attitudes before the transition to parenthood, that ambivalence about childbearing delays the transition to parenthood, but not nearly as much as holding purely negative attitudes. Further, reporting an ambivalent experience from the first child had no significant effect on further childbearing, which testifies to the strong two-child norm in Sweden.

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The Value of Postponing Pregnancy: California’s Paid Family Leave and the Timing of Pregnancies

The B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy ◽

10.1515/bejeap-2013-0141 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1467-1499 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shirlee Lichtman-Sadot

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Parental Leave ◽

The United States ◽

Family Status ◽

Hispanic Origin ◽

Monetary Benefit ◽

Education Levels ◽

Lower Education ◽

Paid Parental Leave ◽

Shed Light

Abstract Conditioning a monetary benefit on individuals’ family status can create distortions, even in individuals’ seemingly personal decisions, such as the birth of a child. Birth timing and its response to various policies has been studied by economists in several papers. However, pregnancy timing – i.e. the timing of conception – and its response to policy announcements has not been examined. This paper makes use of a 21-month lag between announcing California’s introduction of the first paid parental leave program in the United States and its scheduled implementation to evaluate whether women timed their pregnancies in order to be eligible for the expected benefit. Using natality data, documenting all births in the United States, a difference-in-differences approach compares California births to births in states outside of California before the program’s introduction and in 2004, the year California introduced paid parental leave. The results show that the distribution of California births in 2004 significantly shifted from the first half of the year to the second half of the year, immediately after the program’s implementation. While the effect is present for all population segments of new mothers, it is largest for disadvantaged mothers – with lower education levels, of Hispanic origin, younger, and not married. These results shed light on the population segments most affected by the introduction of paid parental leave and on the equitable nature of paid parental leave policies.

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Paid parental leave and fathers’ involvement: capturing fathers’ gender beliefs and fathering perceptions

Families Relationships and Societies ◽

10.1332/204674320x16083746098965 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Luisa A. Streckenbach ◽

Laura Castiglioni ◽

Pia S. Schober

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

Parental Leave ◽

Positive Association ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Paid Leave ◽

Indirect Care ◽

Paid Parental Leave ◽

Gender Traditionalism

This study examines how multidimensional gender and fathering beliefs of fathers may explain their relative involvement in childcare after considering paid leave uptake. We draw on cross-sectional survey data from one German state, which allow us to distinguish three belief dimensions: (1) gender traditionalism and essentialism, (2) fathering attitudes, and (3) fathering self-concepts and self-efficacy. By means of multiple linear regression models we investigate how the different dimensions of gender and fatherhood beliefs relate to fathers’ relative involvement in basic and indirect childcare tasks. Our results show that gender (essentialist) ideologies and fatherhood attitudes were strongly associated with fathers’ relative involvement in both childcare domains. The higher fathers perceived self-efficacy in fathering, the more involved they were in basic but not indirect care. All belief dimensions mediated the positive association of fathers’ uptake of paid leave with their involvement in basic childcare.

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Fathers’ rights to paid parental leave in the Nordic countries: consequences for the gendered division of leave

Work and Family Policy ◽

10.4324/9780203720059-8 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 67-86

Keyword(s):

Parental Leave ◽

Nordic Countries ◽

Paid Parental Leave

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Society of Chairs of Academic Radiology Departments Statement of Support for Paid Parental Leave

Journal of the American College of Radiology ◽

10.1016/j.jacr.2018.12.029 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 271-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cheri L. Canon ◽

Dieter R. Enzmann ◽

Thomas M. Grist ◽

Carolyn C. Meltzer ◽

Alexander Norbash ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parental Leave ◽

Academic Radiology ◽

Paid Parental Leave

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United States paid parental leave and infant mortality

International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy ◽

10.1108/ijssp-10-2019-0197 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (1/2) ◽

pp. 145-153

Author(s):

Brandy Snyder

Keyword(s):

Infant Mortality ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Parental Leave ◽

Replacement Policy ◽

Future Research ◽

Content Type ◽

Leave Policy ◽

The Usa ◽

Paid Parental Leave ◽

College Educated

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to synthesize findings on the effects of existing paid parental leave programs on infant mortality rates (IMR) in the USA as an attempt to aid in efforts for the development of a national paid parental leave policy. Design/methodology/approach Three articles were reviewed to analyze findings on the effects of existing parental leave programs on IMR in the USA. Findings The results from the three studies analyzed indicate that unpaid parental leave and parental leave with partial wage replacement can reduce IMR in households with college educated, working mothers. Research limitations/implications This review is limited due to only having three studies available to synthesize that pertained to the USA. Implications for future research are to examine the effects of fully paid parental leave programs offered by individual organizations on IMR in the USA. Social implications Providing a needs-based income replacement policy to mothers who wish to take parental leave after the birth of a child may be the best policy to decrease IMR for infants from all socioeconomic backgrounds. Originality/value The findings in this review will aid in the ongoing efforts to develop a national paid parental leave policy in the USA.

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