Social Network Analysis: People and Places

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Duxbury
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Criminal Organization ◽  
Peer Networks ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Delinquent Peer

Network analysis is increasingly applied throughout the social sciences. Networks have been at the core of criminological thinking since its inception. As early as Sutherland and Shaw and McKay, networks have been regarded as important causes of delinquent behavior. Networks, by definition, reflect patterns of relationships between observations. Observations are typically human actors, but can represent any criminologically relevant entity, such as gangs, grocery stores, or street corners. Networks can even represent connections between actors that occupy distinct roles (e.g., connections between people and places). This flexibility in how networks can be defined and analyzed presents innumerable promising opportunities in the analysis of crime. Networks can influence criminal behavior by influencing selection into delinquent peer networks and by transmitting delinquent values and behaviors. While some of the earliest adopters of network methods turned to analyses of peer group context and delinquency, more recent applications examine the generative forces driving criminal organization dynamics, gang violence, and even social order among prison inmates. Some other visionary research examines how networks in physical space affect the distribution of crime, and some studies now suggest that networks act as an important mechanism linking formal sanctioning to recidivism. This body of recent evidence stands in contrast to general theories of crime, which argue that networks have little causal influence on criminal behavior. In contrast, selection into delinquent peer networks amplifies criminal behavior through both learning and opportunity.

scholarly journals Assumptions of CPTED theory immunization in the critical infrastructure of the airport

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Agata Tyburska
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Use Of Services ◽  
Fast Transport ◽  
Airport Infrastructure ◽  
Prevention Of Crime ◽  
Terrorist Acts

Terrorist acts are typical threats that provoke a crisis of considerable size not only in the country but also in the countries or regions. Terrorist interest will always be aroused by elements of state infrastructure, which are defined as essential for the daily functioning of people and public administration. Airports serving people and providing fast transport of goods are of particular interest to modern terrorists. Terrorist attacks targeting the airport infrastructure can cause both their destruction and damage, as well as initiate breakdowns that result in not only huge material losses, but significant deaths and damage to a substantial number of people. As a consequence, they may cause insecurity, panic and abandon the use of services guaranteed by carriers and airports. Developing real and effective protection plans, based on the results of research and analysis and good practice - allows for effective protection of a key airport area and, in a crisis situation, to minimize costs resulting from an attack. The Crime Prevention Trough Environmental Design (CPTED) concept of prevention of crime by shaping space focuses on physical space as an important factor influencing criminal behavior. This space is connected in various ways with the criminal act. The theory of shaping safe spaces assumes that criminals make a rational choice of purpose, and their decisions are supported by an analysis of the conditions existing in a given space (risk analysis). Their choice applies to both the places they prefer as the crime scene and the areas they avoid. The aim of the article is to present elements of the CPTED concept, which may be adopted in the protection of airport infrastructure

Constructing and Institutionalizing the Carceral Social Order

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Lopez-Aguado
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Juvenile Detention ◽  
Peer Networks ◽  
Continuation High School ◽  
Detention Facility ◽  
Institutional Violence ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Home Community

This chapter describes how punitive facilities structure, socialize, and reinforce the carceral social order within the institution. I argue that in their efforts to prevent institutional violence by separating rival gangs, the prison, the juvenile detention facility, and the continuation high school instead construct a consistent social order that is based in gang rivalries—one in which everyone in the facility is compelled to participate. Within these facilities, staff members construct this social order by using race, home community, and peer networks to categorize entire institutional populations into gang-associated groups. Staff members then routinely maintain these categories as distinct groups by policing the spatial boundaries between them, as keeping rival groups separated is perceived as necessary for ensuring institutional security. The relationships and conflicts that are structured by these sorting and segregation practices ultimately socialize this carceral social order as a dominant, “common sense” logic for both managing and navigating punitive facilities.

scholarly journals Measuring segregation between rural migrants and local residents in urban China: An integrated spatio-social network analysis of Kecun in Guangzhou

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miaoxi Zhao ◽  
Yiming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Network Analysis ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Outdoor Recreation ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Rural Migrants ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Anglo American

In this paper, we demonstrate an integrated spatio-social network analysis to measure the degree of segregation within a Chinese urban neighborhood in terms of the everyday activities by rural migrants and local urban residents at such routine venues as restaurants, grocery stores, barber shops, etc. Our data were collected in May 2014, through an integrated geographical and social survey conducted within an inner-city neighborhood around Kecun in south China’s Guangzhou Municipality. Although Kecun features a highly condensed and mixed dwelling pattern between the rural migrants and indigenous urban population, we find that within our sample of 110 local and 132 migrant residents, the former tend to socialize more inwardly with their peer locals and visit neighborhood amenities more often such as pubs, stadia, and public kindergartens. In contrast, the migrants tend to attend local roadside food stalls, outdoor recreation facilities, small clinic shops, grocery malls, and private ( minban) kindergartens more often. Overall, only a modest degree of social interaction between the locals and migrants appears to exist in Kecun. On top of the methodological implications of our study, we argue that urban segregation in China is both socially and spatially different from its Anglo-American counterpart. More empirical research is needed to understand and assess social segregation underlying the everyday urban life in Chinese cities.

Network Perspectives on Crime

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Gravel ◽  
George E. Tita
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
The Individual

Though often not mentioned by name, the importance of social networks in explaining criminal behavior, delinquency, and patterns has long been recognized in the study of crime. Theories that explain criminal behavior at the individual level being learned through the impacts of peer influences presume that the transmission of ideas and influences flow among social ties (networks) that link individuals. Cultural theories of crime work in the same way. At the community level, delinquency and criminal behavior are born among members of a community or group that adhere to a particular cultural set of norms or beliefs. The concentration of crime in particular geographic areas results when there are insufficient ties among local residents to affect informal social control in the area. Impacted neighborhoods are often described as socially isolated, lacking social ties to institutions of power that provide the investment and services needed in a healthy community. The history of the formation and activities of street gangs is a clear example of how understanding the ties among individuals, and between groups of these individuals, matter in our understanding these phenomena. Comprehending social ties among gangs and gang members and employment of social network analysis (SNA) have become mainstays of local law enforcement efforts to address the issue of gang violence. Much of the early criminological work that implicated social networks but did not explicitly acknowledge a network by name, or did not employ SNA on formal network data, did so because collecting such data is difficult at best and sometimes impossible. Though criminology has been a “late adopter” of SNA, the field is making great strides in this area. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) research program has provided a rich set of network data to explore issues of peer influence. Researchers are using carefully collected social network data at the individual and organizational level to better understand the ability of communities to self-regulate delinquency and crime in an area. Arrest data and field identification stops are being used to generate large networks in an effort to understand how one’s position in a larger social structure might be related to an actor’s involvement in future offending or victimization. As the field of criminology continues to adopt a network perspective in the study of crime, it is important to understand the development of social networks within the field. Critically examining the strengths and weaknesses of network data, especially in terms of the process by which data are generated, can lead to better applications of network analysis in the future.

From School Bullying to Dating Violence

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel A. Williamson ◽  
Nancy G. Guerra ◽  
Noel L. Shadowen
Keyword(s):  
Dating Violence ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Bullying Prevention ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
Group Context ◽  
School Based ◽  
Bullying Prevention Programs ◽  
Peer Bullying ◽  
Multiple Levels

This chapter conceptualizes school-based, peer-to-peer bullying as a coercive relational process, in which bullies instrumentally use aggressive interpersonal tactics to influence, change, or dominate others in order to attain desired outcomes. We explain how this coercive process occurs on multiple levels, both within the bully-victim dyad and within the peer group context. We then discuss how the nature and desired outcomes of bullying change according to school setting and developmental period, drawing on empirical research that highlights the increasingly sexualized nature of bullying during early adolescence. Finally, we link sexual harassment and bullying behaviors during adolescence to risk for involvement in coercive relationships and processes in adulthood, and review the implications of this work for evidence-based bullying prevention programs.

Developmental trajectories of boys' delinquent group membership and facilitation of violent behaviors during adolescence

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC LACOURSE ◽  
DANIEL NAGIN ◽  
RICHARD E. TREMBLAY ◽  
FRANK VITARO ◽  
MICHEL CLAES
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Population Heterogeneity ◽  
Group Affiliation ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Violent Behaviors ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Delinquent Peer ◽  
Delinquent Peers ◽  
Delinquent Group

Being part of a delinquent group has been shown to facilitate the expression of an individual's own delinquent propensities. However, this facilitation effect has not been investigated from a developmental perspective within a population heterogeneity model. Using a semiparametric mixture model with data from the Montreal Longitudinal Experimental Study, this article addresses important issues in the developmental trends of membership to delinquent groups. We explore how the rate of violent behaviors follows delinquent peer group trajectories and investigate a differential facilitation effect of delinquent peers on violence across multiple developmental pathways. Results suggest that 25% of males followed a childhood or an adolescence delinquent group affiliation trajectory. These two groups account for most of the violent acts assessed during adolescence. In addition, the rate of violent behaviors follows these developmental trajectories. Controlling for these delinquent group trajectories, we also found that being involved in a delinquent group at any specific time during adolescence is associated with an increased rate of violent behaviors, and that leaving these groups results in a decrease in violent behaviors. This facilitation effect appears homogeneous over time and across developmental trajectories. Results are discussed from a social interactional perspective.

scholarly journals Not (Entirely) Guilty: The Role of Co-offenders in Diffusing Responsibility for Crime

2021 ◽  
pp. 002242782110462
Author(s):  
Zachary R. Rowan ◽  
Emily Kan ◽  
Paul J. Frick ◽  
Elizabeth Cauffman
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Diffusion Of Responsibility

Objectives: Test the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis by examining associations between the presence, number, and role of co-offenders and adolescents’ perceived responsibility for criminal behavior. Methods: The study uses data from the Crossroads Study, a longitudinal study of 1,216 male adolescents who were arrested for the first time. A series of generalized ordered logistic regressions assess how different features of the group context are linked to adolescent offending. Models first examine the relationship between the presence of a co-offender and adolescents’ perceptions of responsibility for their crime, followed by co-offending specific models examining the impact of the number of co-offenders and role in the co-offense. Results: Adolescents’ perceptions of responsibility for criminal behavior decrease when they co-offend, as the size of the group increases, and when crime is not solely their idea. Conclusions: The study's findings are consistent with the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis, which highlights an important psychological experience tied to the group context. The findings contribute to our understanding of adolescent risky decision-making and shed insight into how the group context may facilitate criminal behavior.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document