Human Trafficking: Sex Trade

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Bergquist
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Labor Trafficking ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
To Receive

The definition of human trafficking generally includes the commercial exploitation of persons for labor or sex. Although the International Labour Organization estimated in 2012 that exploitation through forced labor trafficking is up to three times more prevalent than forced sexual exploitation, sex trafficking seems to receive greater media and public attention. This article provides a historical context for sex trafficking, some discussion about the political evolution of sex trafficking legislation, current knowledge, and practice.

scholarly journals Re-Framing Exploitation Creep to Fight Human Trafficking: A Response to Janie Chuang

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 264-267
Author(s):  
Clifford Bob
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Obama Administration ◽  
American Policy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Way

Janie Chuang discusses important shifts in the way that American policy makers and activists have defined and fought human trafficking. As she shows, key aspects of the 2000 UN Protocol’s definition of trafficking have been whiplashed by changing political winds emanating from the Bush and Obama administrations. In the Bush years, a strange bedfellows network of feminists, evangelicals, and neo-conservatives directed American trafficking policy primarily toward sexual exploitation, pushing for prohibitions not only on forced but also on voluntary prostitution. Other types of trafficking were neglected. The Obama administration and its own set of civil society associates gusted other ways. Among other moves, it reduced the focus on sex, dropped the view that voluntary prostitution constituted trafficking, enlarged the trafficking concept to include all forced labor (whether or not involving movement), and rebranded the expansive new notion as slavery.

Human Trafficking 1: Epidemiology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Macias-Konstantopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Commercial Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Trafficking In Persons ◽  
Debt Bondage ◽  
Domestic Servitude

Trafficking in persons, or human trafficking, is the obtaining of persons by force, fraud, coercion, or other improper means, with the intention of exploiting them for financial gain. According to the US Department of State, the more prominent global forms of human trafficking include forced labor, bonded labor (or debt bondage), forced commercial sexual exploitation (or sex trafficking), involuntary domestic servitude, forced child labor, child sex trafficking, child soldiering, and organ trafficking. In the United States, the forced exploitation of persons in the labor industry (i.e., labor trafficking) and in the commercial sex industry (i.e., sex trafficking) account for the majority of human trafficking cases recognized, reported, investigated, and prosecuted. Women and girls account for 55% (11.4 million) of the global trafficked population, whereas men and boys comprise the difference. Three quarters of trafficked persons are adults, whereas children younger than 18 years represent 26% (5.5 million) of victims. Risk factors that have been associated with increased risk of human trafficking include but are not limited to a childhood history of abuse and neglect; financial insecurity; housing instability associated with homelessness, running away, or being thrown out of the home; kinship placements with distant family members, foster care, and other residential placements; intellectual and learning disabilities; identification as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ); racial and ethnic minority status; status as an immigrant, migrant worker, and refugee; and involvement in gangs or illicit substance use. Due to the inherently abusive and violent nature of this crime, human trafficking has profound negative implications for the health and well-being of affected persons. This review contains 2 figures, 4 tables and 53 references Key words: commercial sexual exploitation, debt bondage, domestic servitude, forced labor, forced substance use, HIV, modern-day slavery, posttraumatic stress disorder, trafficking in persons 

Human Trafficking: Exploiting Labor

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noël Busch-Armendariz ◽  
Maura Nsonwu ◽  
Laurie Cook Heffron ◽  
Neely Mahapatra
Keyword(s):  
Social Workers ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Labor Trafficking ◽  
Cheap Labor ◽  
Trafficking In Human Beings

Human trafficking has become a major national and international problem, and while research suggests that trafficking in human beings for the purpose of cheap labor is higher than trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation, much less is understood about labor trafficking. This entry summarizes the current knowledge about labor trafficking including important definitions, describes ways in which people are exploited for labor, outlines related policies and laws, summarizes needs of survivors, and offers ways in which social workers are and can be involved in responding to this crime.

scholarly journals Using Global Migration Law to Prevent Human Trafficking

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
Janie A. Chuang
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Trafficking In Persons ◽  
Labor Trafficking ◽  
Global Migration ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
International Laws ◽  
Migration Law

Our understanding of human trafficking has changed significantly since 2000, when the international community adopted the first modern antitrafficking treaty—the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Trafficking Protocol). Policy attention has expanded beyond a near-exclusive focus on sex trafficking to bring long-overdue attention to nonsexual labor trafficking. That attention has helped surface how the lack of international laws and institutions pertaining to labor migration can enable—if not encourage—the exploitation of migrant workers. Many migrant workers throughout the world labor under conditions that do not qualify as trafficking yet suffer significant rights violations for which access to protection and redress is limited. Failing to attend to these “lesser” abuses creates and sustains vulnerability to trafficking.

Human Trafficking: Empowering Healthcare Providers and Community Partners as Advocates for Victims

2021 ◽  
pp. 089801012110455
Author(s):  
Marielle A. Combs ◽  
Tracy Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Holistic Nursing ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Community Volunteers ◽  
Modern Day Slavery ◽  
Human Caring

Human trafficking, also known as modern-day slavery, is a public health crisis and a growing worldwide crime exploiting approximately 40.3 million victims. A decade ago approximately 79% of human trafficking crimes were related to sexual exploitation and 18% were related to forced labor, but more recent reports show approximately 50% and 38%, respectively. Although sexual exploitation continues to make up the majority of human trafficking crimes, forced labor continues to grow at an alarming rate. The purpose of this paper is 2-fold. First, to empower healthcare providers and community volunteers serving potential victims of human trafficking in traditional and nontraditional settings with human trafficking identification training. This education should include the use of a validated human trafficking screening tool and the timely provision of resources. Second, to guide professional nurses in the holistic approach to caring for potential victims of human trafficking. The core values of holistic nursing practice and Watson's Theory of Human Caring are the pillars guiding mindful and authentic nursing care. Merging evidence-based practice with holistic care will boost victim identification and rescue.

Providing medical care for suspected human trafficking victims: Perceptions among a cohort of health care providers in Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybil Zachariah ◽  
Ashish Sharma ◽  
Corey B Bills ◽  
Htoo Ma (Tony) Ohn ◽  
Rebecca Walker
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Trafficking Victims

Abstract Background: Myanmar is a source country for men, women, and children who are subject to human trafficking and forced labor. Given that human trafficking and forced labor victims frequently experience physical and mental health concerns, healthcare practitioners have a unique opportunity to identify and assist victims. This study aims to understand the attitudes, perspectives, and levels of comfort for healthcare providers in caring for victims of human trafficking. It also seeks to understand the types of additional educational resources that could better equip medical personnel to improve care for survivors of human trafficking.Methods: A 20-question survey collected data anonymously from a convenience sample of healthcare providers that attended a one-day emergency care conference in Yangon, Myanmar.Results: While a significant number (70%) of medical professionals surveyed reported that they feel the problem of abuses for labor or sex in the community was "serious" or "very serious", a majority of them felt neutral or uncomfortable about identifying patients that are currently being abused in some way. Only 2% of respondents felt comfortable identifying victims of abuse. Over half of the healthcare workers surveyed indicated they would be interested in attending conferences, symposia, or lectures specific to human trafficking and receiving training in identifying victims and assisting victims of exploitation.Conclusions: Health care providers in Myanmar consider labor and sex trafficking as a significant problem in their community, but do not feel adequately trained to identify and help victims of exploitation. Given that even brief educational interventions can increase providers knowledge and self-reported recognition of human trafficking victims, there is a window of opportunity in Myanmar to provide training to currently practicing health providers.

Policing Human Trafficking

2014 ◽  
Vol 653 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Farrell ◽  
Rebecca Pfeffer
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Labor Trafficking ◽  
Local Police ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Perceptions Of Police ◽  
Using Data

Since 2000, the federal government and all fifty states have passed laws that criminalize the trafficking of persons for labor and commercial sex. To date, relatively few human trafficking cases have been identified, investigated, and prosecuted by local criminal justice authorities. Using data from case records and qualitative interviews with police, prosecutors, and victim service providers in twelve counties, we discuss the challenges local police face in identifying cases of human trafficking. We find that the culture of local police agencies and the perceptions of police officials about human trafficking do not support the identification of a broad range of human trafficking cases. Since local definitions of human trafficking are still evolving, police focus on sex trafficking of minors, which they perceive to be the most serious problem facing their communities. Reluctance to differentiate between vice and sex trafficking minimizes the problem of human trafficking and makes labor trafficking seem largely nonexistent.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Correlates of Labor and Sex Trafficking in a Community Sample of Youth Experiencing Homelessness in Metro-Atlanta

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Eric R. Wright ◽  
Ana LaBoy ◽  
Kara Tsukerman ◽  
Nicholas Forge ◽  
Erin Ruel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Homeless Youth ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Labor Trafficking ◽  
Runaway And Homeless Youth ◽  
And Gender

Research suggests that runaway and homeless youth (RHY) in the United States are vulnerable to sex and labor trafficking. In this paper, we report and analyze estimates of sex and labor trafficking collected as part of the Atlanta Youth Count 2018, a community-based field survey of RHY between the ages of 14 and 25 in the metro-Atlanta area. A total of 564 participants were recruited and completed a survey that included questions about their backgrounds as well as the Human Trafficking Screening Tool (HTST). We found that 39.9% experienced some form of trafficking while homeless. While 15.6% of the youth reported commercial sexual exploitation while homeless, coerced labor (29.3%) or fraud (25.2%) were even more common experiences. Women, transgender, and gender nonconforming youth, as well young people who had prior system involvement and those who had been homeless for more than a year were the most likely to report having been trafficked. The significance of these findings for research and policy on RHY and trafficking are discussed.

scholarly journals Domestic Sex Trafficking of Aboriginal Girls in Canada: Issues and Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupriya Sethi
Keyword(s):  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Grass Root ◽  
Domestic Sex Trafficking

The current discourses on human trafficking in Canada do not take into account domestic trafficking, especially of Aboriginal girls. Notwithstanding the alarmingly high number of missing, murdered and sexually exploited Aboriginal girls, the issue continues to be portrayed more as a problem of prostitution than of sexual exploitation or domestic trafficking. The focus of this study is to examine the issues in sexual exploitation of Aboriginal girls, as identified by the grass root agencies, and to contextualize them within the trafficking framework with the purpose of distinguishing sexual exploitation from sex work. In doing so, the paper will outline root causes that make Aboriginal girls vulnerable to domestic trafficking as well as draw implications for policy analysis.

scholarly journals Some aspects of combating human trafficking

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-188
Author(s):  
O S Guzeeva
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Tissue Transplantation ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Trafficking In Persons

Difficulties combating human trafficking due not only to the transnational character and widespread proliferation of new forms of trafficking in persons (in addition to sexual exploitation): forced labor, begging, forced surrogacy, organ and tissue transplantation, forced adoption / adoption, use in armed groups, but also the difficulties qualification of crimes under Art. 127.1 of the Criminal Code

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