debt bondage
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2022 ◽  
pp. 0169796X2110683
Author(s):  
Yahya Muhammed Bah ◽  
Myrtati D. Artaria ◽  
Mein-Woei Suen

This article provides a case study of child sex tourism (CST) in Surabaya, Indonesia. CST cases are difficult to surface because the victims of CST are such vulnerable human beings. Victims of CST need a variety of forms of support for their recovery and reintegration. This article contends that social, economic, political, technological, and individual factors cause CST. It examines the negative impacts of CST, which are medical, social, psychological, and physical in nature. It also reveals that the techniques used for CST recruitment are fake promises, debt bondage, emotional abuse, counterfeit love, drug addiction, physical abuse, and gifts and favors. The elimination of CST calls for ending certain depraved cultural practices and beliefs, rehabilitation and reintegration of the victims, proactive anti-CST government policies and programs, enactment and effective enforcement of tough laws prohibiting CST, prosecution of the offenders, raising public awareness about the ills of CST, providing education for all children, the provision of national identification documents to all children, and strict border controls to prevent the trafficking of children for sex tourism.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Spires

Human trafficking is a social issue that has gained attention in the media and in scholarship. A growing number of anti-trafficking organizations and actors have begun to use education to diverse ends. Although not often associated with human trafficking, education is a common tool used by anti-trafficking organizations, whether as a prevention tool to reduce the vulnerability of people at-risk of trafficking, or as a service to trafficking survivors to improve their lives. Lack of access to education, or to quality education, is also a factor in exposure to human trafficking, whether that be in terms of debt bondage, domestic servitude, forced labor, child marriage or other issues related to human trafficking. More explicit connections need to be made between the work being done in anti-trafficking spheres and the scholarship of education in order to better understand how to improve the quality and effectiveness of education-related efforts. This essay explores the connections between human trafficking and education.


2021 ◽  
pp. 365-381
Author(s):  
Jomo Sundaram

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-199
Author(s):  
Germán Carrillo García

En este ensayo he intentado contribuir al fecundo debate sobre la crisis del capitalismo global. La tesis desarrollada se fundamenta en una sucesión de acontecimientos históricos, convergentes y orgánicamente dependientes. La crisis del capitalismo keynesiano de la Segunda Posguerra confluyó –y contribuyó a profundizar– con la crisis del desarrollismo en América Latina y en el continente africano. El auge de la contrarrevolución neoliberal liderada por Thatcher-Reagan, junto a sus discípulos europeos de la Tercera Vía, convergió con el derrumbamiento del Imperio Soviético y el extraordinario ascenso de la China posmaoísta. Durante la era de Deng Xiaoping iniciada en 1978, en el país asiático se desarrolló un capitalismo de Estado que dos décadas después, bajo un control políticamente comunista, se había transformado en un régimen socialista con características chinas y afinidades neoliberales. Las consecuencias de este nuevo orden mundial se analizan en la segunda parte del ensayo como problemas centrales del siglo XXI: la desigualdad existencial global de una ciudadanía sometida por la lógica del capital ficticio a una implacable servidumbre por deudas; la erosión de la política pública; la explotación laboral expresada simultáneamente en las economías posindustriales y en el Sur global a través de la destrucción no tan creativa de las cadenas de valor y otras formas vinculadas a la expansión de la gig economy y al tecnoutopismo del silicio; así como la alteración antropogénica de la biodiversidad terrestre sin precedentes en el registro histórico. In this essay I have tried to contribute to the fruitful debate on the crisis of global capitalism. The thesis developed is based on a succession of historical, convergent and organically dependent events. The crisis of Keynesian capitalism of the second postwar period converged –and contributed to deepen– with the crisis of developmentalism in Latin America and on the African continent. The rise of the neoliberal counterrevolution led by Thatcher-Reagan, along with her European Third Way disciples, converged with the collapse of the Soviet Empire and the extraordinary rise of post-Maoist China. During the Deng Xiaoping era, which began in 1978, a state capitalism developed in the Asian country that two decades later, under politically communist control, had been transformed into a socialist regime with Chinese characteristics and neoliberal affinities. The consequences of this new world order are analyzed in the second part of the essay as central problems of the 21th century: the global existential inequality of a citizenry subjected by the logic of fictitious capital to implacable debt bondage; the erosion of public policy; labor exploitation expressed simultaneously in post-industrial economies and in the global South through the not so creative destruction of value chains and other forms linked to the expansion of the gig economy and silicon techno-utopianism; as well as the anthropogenic alteration, without historical precedent, of terrestrial biodiversity.


2021 ◽  
pp. 174889582110515
Author(s):  
Tirion Elizabeth Havard ◽  
James A Densley ◽  
Andrew Whittaker ◽  
Jane Wills

This article explores young women and girls’ participation in gangs and ‘county lines’ drug sales. Qualitative interviews and focus groups with criminal justice and social service professionals found that women and girls in gangs often are judged according to androcentric, stereotypical norms that deny gender-specific risks of exploitation. Gangs capitalise on the relative ‘invisibility’ of young women to advance their economic interests in county lines and stay below police radar. The research shows gangs maintain control over women and girls in both physical and digital spaces via a combination of threatened and actual (sexual) violence and a form of economic abuse known as debt bondage – tactics readily documented in the field of domestic abuse. This article argues that coercive control offers a new way of understanding and responding to these gendered experiences of gang life, with important implications for policy and practice.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny Vershinin ◽  
Georgy Vizgalov

The reason that prompted the authors to write this article was an archaeological artifact (found in 2009 during excavations of the Mangazeya settlement) in the form of a pine tablet with Cyrillic letters carved on it. The analysis of the inscription demonstrates that it was neither an educational text nor a meaningless set of letters. This was a completely coherent document, called “a debt bondage” (Rus. кабала) in the seventeenth century and earlier and “a promissory note” later. The document refers to private legal acts, but due to the absence of surnames and the names of witnesses confirming its contents, it is difficult to consider this promissory note a completed legal act. The appearance and content of the tablet refer to similar private legal acts from the northwest of Russia (Veliky Novgorod and Pskov) and demonstrate certain archaic features. This proves the survivability of northern Russian culture in colonised northern Siberia (where for obvious reasons there was a deficit of paper, an already common material in the seventeenth century). The promissory note from Mangazeya is a sample of everyday writing, a rather archaic form of private legal act that existed in the Novgorodian north long before the start of the Russian colonisation of Siberia.


Author(s):  
Hans van Wees

The Greek world contained many slave societies from the beginning of the archaic age. By the time of Homer and Hesiod, ownership of numerous non-Greek slaves was an integral part of elite status. Despite earlier views to the contrary, imported ‘barbarian’ slaves did not replace an older spectrum of ‘dependent’ native Greek workers but if anything preceded the forms of slavery imposed on indigenous populations. Debt-bondage emerged only in the late seventh century. This may also have been when so-called ‘helotic’ slaveries were extended across Messenia, Thessaly, and Crete, and when they were imposed on the native peoples of Syracuse and Byzantium. The latter part of the archaic age saw larger-scale employment of imported slaves in regions that began to specialize in labour-intensive forms of agriculture such as viticulture, but the basic patterns and practices of slave-owning emerged at the start of the archaic age and remained the same throughout.


2021 ◽  
pp. 137-160
Author(s):  
Debasish Roy Chowdhury ◽  
John Keane

This chapter addresses the harsh realities of work in India. The reality, brutally exposed by the migrant worker crisis in the 2020 lockdown, is that there is an acute shortage of paid work that is safe, meaningful, and offers remuneration sufficient for citizens and their dependents to live a decent social life. Forced child labour is common, as is bonded labour. Huge numbers of women have either been pushed out of the labour market or still cling in desperation to paid menial work. There is a vast pool of poorly paid unskilled workers who suffer debt bondage and casual work. Joblessness is also pervasive. If the lack of minimum or decent wages amounts to ‘forced labour’, or slavery, then Indian slaves are everywhere. The chapter also looks at the vexed relationship between democracy and this new form of slavery.


Author(s):  
Priya Deshingkar

AbstractBetween 2014 and April 2019, the government of Myanmar banned international migration for domestic work to Singapore and criminalised the brokering of such migration as well as predeparture training and placement of migrants as domestic workers in Singapore. These measures were taken in response to concerns over the alleged abuse of migrant women as well as international pressures to eliminate trafficking and debt bondage. Experienced brokers and recruitment agencies who were trading openly up until then were forced to cease operations. At the same time, large numbers of inexperienced and uncouth recruitment agencies emerged to take advantage of the black economy created by the ban. This resulted in women migrating irregularly from Myanmar to Singapore being exposed to greater risks which the paper traces. Four discernible impacts of the ban on the recruitment practices and working conditions faced by migrant women from Myanmar before departure and after arriving in Singapore were identified: a sharp increase in migration and placement costs, inadequate predeparture training, placement in forced labour conditions with extended and unclear repayment periods and no access to support from the Myanmar government while in Singapore. Although the ban has since been lifted, the resulting migration system had placed workers in conditions of extreme exploitation with little recourse to justice or having their voices heard. The paper ends by summarizing the unanticipated negative consequences of the criminalisation of migration brokerage in Myanmar and lessons for other countries that may be considering controls on female migration.


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