3. Adaptive immunity: a voyage of (non-)self-discovery

2017 ◽  
pp. 30-41
Author(s):  
Paul Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
System A ◽  
Self Discovery ◽  
B And T Lymphocytes

How does the immune system respond to such diverse threats, including viruses never encountered previously by us as a species? The inherent diversity in the immune system can be explained by examining how the adaptive immune system is built, in particular the receptors on B and T lymphocytes. ‘The adaptive immune system: a voyage of (non-)self-discovery’ describes B and T cells, receptors, and the creation of antibodies. Antibody genes are not created as a single unit but are made up from smaller parts, generating many more possible combinations. The antibodies that are created from the genetic template are further honed, becoming highly specific to their target.

scholarly journals T Cells Limit Accumulation of Aggregate Pathology Following Intrastriatal Injection of α-Synuclein Fibrils

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Sonia George ◽  
Trevor Tyson ◽  
Nolwen L. Rey ◽  
Rachael Sheridan ◽  
Wouter Peelaerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
T And B Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immunocompromised Mice ◽  
The Impact

Background: α-Synuclein (α-syn) is the predominant protein in Lewy-body inclusions, which are pathological hallmarks of α- synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Other hallmarks include activation of microglia, elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the activation of T and B cells. These immune changes point towards a dysregulation of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. T cells have been shown to recognize epitopes derived from α-syn and altered populations of T cells have been found in PD and MSA patients, providing evidence that these cells can be key to the pathogenesis of the disease. Objective To study the role of the adaptive immune system with respect to α-syn pathology. Methods: We injected human α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the striatum of immunocompromised mice (NSG) and assessed accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology, proteinase K-resistant α-syn pathology and microgliosis in the striatum, substantia nigra and frontal cortex. We also assessed the impact of adoptive transfer of naïve T and B cells into PFF-injected immunocompromised mice. Results: Compared to wildtype mice, NSG mice had an 8-fold increase in phosphorylated α-syn pathology in the substantia nigra. Reconstituting the T cell population decreased the accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology and resulted in persistent microgliosis in the striatum when compared to non-transplanted mice. Conclusion: Our work provides evidence that T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of experimental α-synucleinopathy.

Effects of vitamin D on the peripheral adaptive immune system: A review

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 733-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Peelen ◽  
Stephanie Knippenberg ◽  
Anne-Hilde Muris ◽  
Mariëlle Thewissen ◽  
Joost Smolders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
System A

scholarly journals Role of T Lymphocytes in Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetes-Associated Inflammation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Xia ◽  
Xiaoquan Rao ◽  
Jixin Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Metabolic Inflammation ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Although a critical role of adaptive immune system has been confirmed in driving local and systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes and promoting insulin resistance, the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. Inflammatory regulation has been focused on innate immunity especially macrophage for a long time, while increasing evidence suggests T cells are crucial for the development of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance since 2009. There was growing evidence supporting the critical implication of T cells in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. We will discuss the available effect of T cells subsets in adaptive immune system associated with the procession of T2DM, which may unveil several potential strategies that could provide successful therapies in the future.

scholarly journals Augmenting adaptive immunity: progress and challenges in the quantitative engineering and analysis of adaptive immune receptor repertoires

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex J. Brown ◽  
Igor Snapkov ◽  
Rahmad Akbar ◽  
Milena Pavlović ◽  
Enkelejda Miho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Immune Receptor ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The adaptive immune system is a natural diagnostic sensor and therapeutic.

scholarly journals Adaptive Immunity and Antigen-Specific Activation in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Hui Yen Chng ◽  
Michael N. Alonso ◽  
Sarah E. Barnes ◽  
Khoa D. Nguyen ◽  
Edgar G. Engleman
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots ◽  
B And T Lymphocytes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disease that is strongly tied to obesity and often preceded by insulin resistance (IR). It has been established that chronic inflammation of hypertrophic adipose tissue depots in obese individuals leads to obesity-associated IR and is mediated by cells of the innate immune system, particularly macrophages. More recently, cells of the adaptive immune system, B and T lymphocytes, have also emerged as important regulators of glucose homeostasis, raising the intriguing possibility that antigen-driven immune responses play a role in disease. In this review, we critically evaluate the roles that various B and T cell subsets play in IR, and then we examine the data suggesting that antigen-driven mechanisms, such as antigen presentation and costimulation, may drive the activity of these lymphocytes.

scholarly journals Interactions Between Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and the Recipient Immune System: A Comparative Review With Relevance to Equine Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lacy Kamm ◽  
Christopher B. Riley ◽  
Natalie Parlane ◽  
Erica K Gee ◽  
C. Wayne McIlwraith
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Inherent Risk ◽  
System A ◽  
Comparative Review

Despite significant immunosuppressive activity, allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) carry an inherent risk of immune rejection when transferred into a recipient. In naïve recipients, this immune response is initially driven by the innate immune system, an immediate reaction to the foreign cells, and later, the adaptive immune system, a delayed response that causes cell death due to recognition of specific alloantigens by host cells and antibodies. This review describes the actions of MSCs to both suppress and activate the different arms of the immune system. We then review the survival and effectiveness of the currently used allogeneic MSC treatments.

scholarly journals T cells limit accumulation of aggregate pathology following intrastriatal injection of α-synuclein fibrils

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia George ◽  
Trevor Tyson ◽  
Nolwen L. Rey ◽  
Rachael Sheridan ◽  
Wouter Peelaerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
T And B Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immunocompromised Mice ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackground: α-Synuclein (α-syn) is the predominant protein in Lewy-body inclusions, which are pathological hallmarks of α-synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Other hallmarks include activation of microglia, elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the activation of T and B cells. These immune changes point towards a dysregulation of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. T cells have been shown to recognize epitopes derived from α-syn and altered populations of T cells have been found in PD and MSA patients, providing evidence that these cells can be key to the pathogenesis of the disease. Objective: To study the role of the adaptive immune system with respect to α-syn pathology. Methods: We injected human α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the striatum of immunocompromised mice (NSG) and assessed accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology, proteinase K-resistant α-syn pathology and microgliosis in the striatum, substantia nigra and frontal cortex. We also assessed the impact of adoptive transfer of naïve T and B cells into PFF-injected immunocompromised mice. Results: Compared to wildtype mice, NSG mice had an 8-fold increase in phosphorylated α-syn pathology in the substantia nigra. Reconstituting the T cell population decreased the accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology and resulted in persistent microgliosis in the striatum when compared to non-transplanted mice. Conclusion: Our work provides evidence that T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of experimental α-synucleinopathy.

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