7. Fundamental particles

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Geoff Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Higgs Field ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Quantum Fields ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Normal Matter ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The World

‘Fundamental particles’ introduces the ultimate building blocks of matter, which include antimatter, and describes how the world can be understood in terms of around twenty different quantum fields. Most of the mass of normal matter can be explained by the energy in these quantum fields. Only a handful of elementary particles make up the world: quarks, leptons, and the force particles, which appear in the Standard Model of Particle Physics. The elementary particles get their masses by interacting with the all-pervasive Higgs field, but the dominant source of the mass of ordinary matter comes from the energy of the quark and gluon fields inside nucleons. The Standard Model is a towering achievement of science, but it is not complete.

Forces of the World Unite!

2019 ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Nicholas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Particle Accelerators ◽  
Strong Force ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
Electroweak Force ◽  
Structure Of Matter

The structure of matter and the forces that are important in particle physics are now understood in terms of the Standard Model, which is currently being tested at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Since the 1930s, physicists have used particle accelerators to investigate the structure of matter. Three forces are important in particle interactions, the strong force, the weak force and the electromagnetic force. The weak and electromagnetic forces are now recognized as two components of a unified electroweak force. The strong force and the electroweak force act on a small collection of fundamental particles that include quarks, the subcomponents of protons, neutrons and many other particles. The final missing piece of the Standard Model, the Higgs boson, was discovered by the LHC in 2012.

Removing the conspiracy of BSM physics and BSM cosmology

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (13) ◽  
pp. 1941012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Yu. Khlopov
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Physical Basis ◽  
Particle Model ◽  
Beyond The Standard Model ◽  
Cosmological Scenario ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
Bsm Physics

The standard model (SM) of elementary particles finds no contradictions in the experimental data, but appeals to extensions for solutions of its internal problems and physical basis of the modern cosmology. The latter is based on inflationary models with baryosynthesis and dark matter/energy that involves Physics beyond the standard model (BSM) of elementary particles. However, studies of the BSM physical basis of the modern cosmology inevitably reveals additional particle model-dependent cosmological consequences that go beyond the modern standard cosmological model. The mutual relationship of the BSM particle physics basis of the modern cosmology and the nontrivial features of the corresponding cosmological scenario are the subject of this paper.

ALONGSIDE THE STANDARD MODEL: UNIFICATION VIA GEOMETRY

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (supp01c) ◽  
pp. 916-918
Author(s):  
J. S. Avrin
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Geometrical Model ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Conceptual Basis ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
The Standard Model

A geometrical model (GM) featuring a visualizable reduction of the elementary particles and interactions down to common elements has been developed. As a consequence, a taxonomy of particles and various interactions emerge, all in consonance with the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. However, the GM goes well beyond the SM, incorporating a number of fundamental phenomena and issues for which the latter has no explanation. Since the GMs largely diagramatic development cannot be displayed in this brief paper, only a summary of its conceptual basis and consequences is presented herein.

scholarly journals The Standard Model

2012 ◽  
Vol 370 (1961) ◽  
pp. 805-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Shears
Keyword(s):  
Higgs Boson ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Fundamental Forces ◽  
Physics Experiments

The Standard Model is the theory used to describe the interactions between fundamental particles and fundamental forces. It is remarkably successful at predicting the outcome of particle physics experiments. However, the theory has not yet been completely verified. In particular, one of the most vital constituents, the Higgs boson, has not yet been observed. This paper describes the Standard Model, the experimental tests of the theory that have led to its acceptance and its shortcomings.

scholarly journals The pre-LHC Higgs hunt

2015 ◽  
Vol 373 (2032) ◽  
pp. 20140039 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Dissertori
Keyword(s):  
Higgs Boson ◽  
Large Hadron Collider ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Precise Data ◽  
Electron Positron ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Large Electron Positron

Enormous efforts at accelerators and experiments all around the world have gone into the search for the long-sought Higgs boson, postulated almost five decades ago. This search has culminated in the discovery of a Higgs-like particle by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider in 2012. Instead of describing this widely celebrated discovery, in this article I will rather focus on earlier attempts to discover the Higgs boson, or to constrain the range of possible masses by interpreting precise data in the context of the Standard Model of particle physics. In particular, I will focus on the experimental efforts carried out during the last two decades, at the Large Electron Positron collider, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, and the Tevatron collider, Fermilab, near Chicago, IL, USA.

scholarly journals A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE SEARCH FOR ISOLATABLE FRACTIONAL CHARGE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (35) ◽  
pp. 2595-2610 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN L. PERL ◽  
ERIC R. LEE ◽  
DINESH LOOMBA
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Electron Charge ◽  
Search Methods ◽  
Fractional Charge ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Production Mechanisms

Since the initial measurements of the electron charge a century ago, experimenters have faced the persistent question as to whether elementary particles exist that have charges that are fractional multiples of the electron charge. In the standard model of particle physics the quarks are such particles, but it is assumed that quarks cannot be individually isolated, the quarks always being confined inside hadrons. This paper is a brief review of the present status of searches for isolatable fractional charge particles such as a lepton-like particle with fractional charge or an unconfined quark. There have been a very large number of searches but there is no confirmed evidence for existence of isolatable fractional charge particles. It may be that they do not exist, but it is also possible that they are very massive or that their production mechanisms are very small so that they have been missed by existing searches. Therefore the aim of this review is to urge (a) the invention of ways to substantially increase the range of known search methods and (b) to urge the invention of new search methods for isolatable fractional charge particles.

scholarly journals Electric–Magnetic Duality and the Dualized Standard Model

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (supp02) ◽  
pp. 1-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheung Tsun TSOU
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Atomic Physics ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Loop Space ◽  
Natural Explanation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Dual Colour ◽  
Work Done

In these lectures I shall explain how a new-found nonabelian duality can be used to solve some outstanding questions in particle physics. The first lecture introduces the concept of electromagnetic duality and goes on to present its nonabelian generalization in terms of loop space variables. The second lecture discusses certain puzzles that remain with the Standard Model of particle physics, particularly aimed at nonexperts. The third lecture presents a solution to these problems in the form of the Dualized Standard Model, first proposed by Chan and the author, using nonabelian dual symmetry. The fundamental particles exist in three generations, and if this is a manifestation of dual colour symmetry, which by 't Hooft's theorem is necessarily broken, then we have a natural explanation of the generation puzzle, together with tested and testable consequences not only in particle physics, but also in astrophysics, nuclear and atomic physics. Reported is mainly work done in collaboration with Chan Hong-Mo, and also various parts with Peter Scharbach, Jacqueline Faridani, José Bordes, Jakov Pfaudler, Ricardo Gallego severally.

scholarly journals Beyond Superstrings. The Origin of Electric Charge and Magnetic Spin.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Electric Charge ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Planck Length ◽  
Superstring Theory ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Magnetic Spin ◽  
Mathematical Equations

The world beyond Superstrings describes a world with dimensions smaller than Planck length (1.616229 x 10-35 [m] ). Since 1971 Superstrings within the dimensions of the Planck length have been considered the building elements for elementary particles . The question rises: What are Superstrings made of? What is the building material for Superstrings. What are the 10 dimensions? This book offers an attempt to find new answers beyond unknown borders.To find the new unknown boundaries we have to go back in time. Because when we start with the same mathematical equations, the same knowledge, the same procedures, we will always find the same outcome, the same answers. And soon we will believe that there is only one outcome. The only outcome within the Standard Model where we will find the same elementary particles grounded on the same Superstring Theory.

scholarly journals THE GENERATION MODEL AND THE ELECTROWEAK CONNECTION

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (06) ◽  
pp. 1015-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. ROBSON
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Gauge Invariance ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Higgs Field ◽  
Generation Model ◽  
Effective Interactions ◽  
Local Gauge ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Local Gauge Invariance

The "electroweak connection", which forms one of the cornerstones of the Standard Model of particle physics, is formulated within the framework of the Generation Model. It is shown that the electroweak connection can be derived assuming that the weak interactions are effective interactions rather than fundamental interactions, arising from a U(1) × SU(2) local gauge invariance, which is spontaneously broken by a Higgs field.

scholarly journals Beyond the standard model of particle physics

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2075) ◽  
pp. 20150259 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Virdee
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Beyond The Standard Model ◽  
Final Theory ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Status ◽  
Fundamental Forces

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and its experiments were conceived to tackle open questions in particle physics. The mechanism of the generation of mass of fundamental particles has been elucidated with the discovery of the Higgs boson. It is clear that the standard model is not the final theory. The open questions still awaiting clues or answers, from the LHC and other experiments, include: What is the composition of dark matter and of dark energy? Why is there more matter than anti-matter? Are there more space dimensions than the familiar three? What is the path to the unification of all the fundamental forces? This talk will discuss the status of, and prospects for, the search for new particles, symmetries and forces in order to address the open questions. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Unifying physics and technology in light of Maxwell's equations’.

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