Breast-feeding, breast-milk feeding, and intelligence quotient

AbstractBreast-feeding initiation and continuation rates in the UK and Ireland are low relative to many European countries. As a core outcome of the prospective Cork Nutrition and Development Maternal-Infant Cohort (COMBINE) study (Cork, Ireland), we aimed to describe infant milk feeding practices in detail and examine the prevalence and impact of combination feeding of breast milk and infant formula on breast-feeding duration. COMBINE recruited 456 nulliparous mothers (2015–2017) for maternal–infant follow-up via interview at hospital discharge (median 3 (interquartile range (IQR) 2, 4) d (n 453)), 1 (n 418), 2 (n 392), 4 (n 366), 6 (n 362) and 9 (n 345) months of age. Median maternal age was 32 (IQR 29, 34) years, 97 % of mothers were of white ethnicity, 79 % were Irish-born and 75 % were college-educated. Overall, 75 % breastfed to any extent at discharge and 44 % breastfed solely. At 1, 2, 4, 6 and 9 months, respectively, 40, 36, 33, 24 and 19 % breastfed solely. Combination feeding of breast milk and infant formula was common at discharge (31 %) and 1 month (20 %). Reasons for combination feeding at 1 month included perceived/actual hunger (30 %), healthcare professional advice (31 %) and breast-feeding difficulties (13 %). Of mothers who breastfed to any extent at discharge, 45 % stopped within 4 months. Mothers who combination fed were more likely to cease breast-feeding than those who breastfed solely (relative risk 2·3 by 1 month and 12·0 by 2 months). These granular data provide valuable insight to early milk feeding practices and indicate that supporting early breast-feeding without formula use may be key to the successful continuation of breast-feeding.

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Determinants of breast-feeding in a Finnish birth cohort

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980009991777 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 504-513 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Maijaliisa Erkkola ◽

Maija Salmenhaara ◽

Carina Kronberg-Kippilä ◽

Suvi Ahonen ◽

Tuula Arkkola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Validation Study ◽

Maternity Ward ◽

Sociodemographic Determinants ◽

Milk Feeding

AbstractObjectiveTo assess milk feeding on the maternity ward and during infancy, and their relationship to sociodemographic determinants. The validity of our 3-month questionnaire in measuring hospital feeding was assessed.DesignA prospective Finnish birth cohort with increased risk to type 1 diabetes recruited between 1996 and 2004. The families completed a follow-up form on the age at introduction of new foods and age-specific dietary questionnaires.SettingType 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) project, Finland.SubjectsA cohort of 5993 children (77 % of those invited) participated in the main study, and 117 randomly selected infants in the validation study.ResultsBreast milk was the predominant milk on the maternity ward given to 99 % of the infants. Altogether, 80 % of the women recalled their child being fed supplementary milk (donated breast milk or infant formula) on the maternity ward. The median duration of exclusive breast-feeding was 1·4 months (range 0–8) and that of total breast-feeding 7·0 months (0–25). Additional milk feeding on the maternity ward, short parental education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, small gestational age and having no siblings were associated with a risk of short duration of both exclusive and total breast-feeding. In the validation study, 78 % of the milk types given on the maternity ward fell into the same category, according to the questionnaire and hospital records.ConclusionsThe recommendations for infant feeding were not achieved. Infant feeding is strongly influenced by sociodemographic determinants and feeding practices on the maternity wards. Long-term breast-feeding may be supported by active promotion on the maternity ward.

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Breastfeeding, Breast-Milk Feeding, Breast Feeding, and IQ: Unknown and Known Knowns—Reply

Archives of General Psychiatry ◽

10.1001/archpsyc.65.12.1458 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 65 (12) ◽

pp. 1458 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael S. Kramer ◽

Robert W. Platt

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Milk Feeding

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PERBEDAAN FREKUENSI DIARE ANTARA BAYI YANG DIBERI ASI EKSKLUSIF DENGAN BAYI YANG DIBERI SUSU FORMULA PADA RENTANG USIA 2- 4 BULAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS KLATEN TENGAH

Biomedika ◽

10.23917/biomedika.v4i2.255 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Putri Rahmitasari ◽

Burhannudin Ichsan ◽

Sahilah Ermawati

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Formula Milk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Main Indicator ◽

Milk Feeding

The main indicator of public healths degree is infant mortility rate (IMR). One of the main things that cause infant mortility is diarrhea. The existence of diarrheas incidence in infants can be caused due to errors in the form of food other than breast milk feeding at the age of 4 months or the practise of infant feeding with formula milk (replacement feeding). This research was an observational analytic research with cross sectional approach. Samples obtained amounted to 80 respondents who are infants aged 2-4 months in various posyandu in the area of Central Klaten. This sample had fulfiilled the predetermined criteria. The research instrument used a questionnaire. for the result, there were 21 respondents of 80 respondents obtained who had diarrhea. Respondents of exclusive breastfeeding who had frequency of diarrhea is rarely as many as 5 babies, whereas 1 baby for often category. Respondents of infant formula who had frequency of diarrhea is rarely as many as 12 babies, whereas 3 babies for often category. There were significant differences between infants who were breastfed exclusively with formula-fed infants againts diarrhea frequency indicated by the value of p = 0,032.Keywords: Frequency of Diarrhea, Exclusive Breast Feeding, Formula Feeding Infant, Infants Aged 2-4 Months

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Breastfeeding, Breast-Milk Feeding, Breast Feeding, and IQ: Unknown and Known Knowns

Archives of General Psychiatry ◽

10.1001/archpsyc.65.12.1457 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 65 (12) ◽

pp. 1457 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anthony Grant Gordon

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Milk Feeding

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Changes in caesarean section rates and milk feeding patterns of infants between 1986 and 2013 in the Dominican Republic

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980016000847 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (15) ◽

pp. 2688-2697 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John D McLennan

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Dominican Republic ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Feeding Patterns ◽

The Relationship ◽

Prelacteal Feeds ◽

Over Time ◽

Milk Feeding

AbstractObjectiveThe relationship between caesarean sections (C-sections) and infant feeding varies between different samples and indicators of feeding. The current study aimed to determine the relationship between C-sections and five indicators of infant milk feeding (breast-feeding within 1 h after delivery, at the time of the survey (current) and ever; milk-based prelacteal feeds; and current non-breast milk use) over time in a country with a rapidly rising C-section rate.DesignSecondary data analysis on cross-sectional data from Demographic and Health Surveys from six different time points between 1986 and 2013.SettingDominican Republic.SubjectsInfants under 6 months of age.ResultsOver 90 % of infants were ever breast-fed in each survey sample. However, non-breast milk use has expanded over time with a concomitant drop in predominant breast-feeding. C-section prevalence has increased over time reaching 63 % of sampled infants in the most recent survey. C-sections remained significantly related to three infant feeding practices – the child not put to the breast within 1 h after delivery, milk-based prelacteal feeds and current non-breast milk use – in multivariate models that included sociodemographic control variables. However, current non-breast milk use was no longer related to C-sections when milk-based prelacteal feeds were factored into the model.ConclusionsReducing or avoiding milk-based prelacteal feeds, particularly among those having C-sections, may improve subsequent breast-feeding patterns. Simultaneously, efforts are needed to understand and help reduce the exceptionally high C-section rate in the Dominican Republic.

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THE STUDY ON SITUATON OF EXCLUSIVE BREAST FEEDING FOR THE FIRST 6 MONTHS IN HOI AN

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2016.3.6 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 36-42

Author(s):

Thi Ngoc Anh Nguyen ◽

Hoang Lan Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

Key Words Breast ◽

Breastfeeding Rate ◽

Knowledge And Attitude ◽

Structured Questionnaire

Background: Breast milk is the most valuable source of food for infants, no food is comparable. However in many countries around the world including Vietnam, the breastfeeding prevalence has been declining. A report of the Ministry of Health showed that only 19.6% of infants in Vietnam were exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months. The study was conducted in Hoi An with the aim at describing the situation of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of the mothers in Hoi An city, Quang Nam province and; identifying some factors affecting exclusive breast feeding for the first 6 months in the study area. Methods: A crosssectional descriptive study was conducted in Hoi An city in December 2014. 516 mothers of infants aged from 6 to 12 months were directly interviewed on the basis of a structured questionnaire. Information about general characteristics of mothers and their infants, their knowledge and attitude of breastfeeding and the feeding types of their baby for the first 6 months was collected. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months. Results: The exclusive breastfeeding prevalence for the first 6 months is 22.3%. Knowledge in breastfeeding and attitude toward exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months are factors that significantly related to exclusive breastfeeding prevalence for the first 6 months (OR = 3.3; p=0.001 and OR=10.4; p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The exclusive breastfeeding rate for the first 6 months in Hoi An city is low. The promoting antenatal education in exclusive breastfeeding is necessary solution to improve exclusive breastfeeding rate for the first 6 months. Key words: breast milk, exclusive breastfeeding, Hoi An

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