scholarly journals The costs of competition: injury patterns in 2 Asian colobine monkeys

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1242-1253
Author(s):  
Jacob A Feder ◽  
Amy Lu ◽  
Andreas Koenig ◽  
Carola Borries
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Colobine Monkeys ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Term Data ◽  
Leaf Monkeys

Abstract Aggression rarely escalates to physical conflict because doing so puts individuals at risk of injury. Escalation only pays off when the potential benefits outweigh the potential costs, that is, when resources critical to fitness are at stake. Here, we investigated the occurrence of injury in 2 Asian colobine species: Nepal gray langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus) and Phayre’s leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus). In both species, younger individuals are higher-ranking and might have greater incentive to fight. However, Nepal gray langurs have a strict breeding season, which may magnify male mating competition, and Phayre’s leaf monkeys, unlike Nepal gray langurs, have female-biased dispersal, which may increase female injury risk during subadulthood. Using long-term data on observed injuries (Nepal gray langurs: n = 208; Phayre’s leaf monkeys: n = 225), we modeled the monthly occurrence of injury (Y/N) and found that males received more injuries than females in both species. Also, subadults generally experienced frequent injury, as young individuals likely face challenges when competing for group membership and/or establishing rank. In Nepal gray langurs, males received 3 times more injuries during the mating season, suggesting strong competition for mates during this period, and females experienced more injuries before conception, suggesting competition to meet the nutritional requirements for reproduction. Unexpectedly, females in smaller groups received more injuries in Nepal gray langurs. Overall, these results indicate that injuries are most likely when fighting may aid in establishing group membership, achieving high rank, and reproducing. Future research should investigate the influence of injuries on fitness outcomes.

Dams: Effects of Hydrological Infrastructure on Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-148
Author(s):  
Andrew Dillon ◽  
Ram Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Benefits And Costs ◽  
Distributional Impacts

Hydrological investments, particularly irrigation dams, have multiple potential benefits for economic development. Dams also have financial, environmental, and distributional impacts that can affect their benefits and costs. This article reviews the evidence on the impact of dams on economic development, focusing on the levels and variability of agricultural productivity, and its effect on poverty, health, electricity generation, and flood control. We also review the evidence on irrigation efficiency and collective action of dam maintenance. Throughout the discussion, we highlight the empirical challenges that restrict the body of causally interpretable impact estimates and areas in which the evidence is particularly thin. We conclude with a discussion of emerging issues pertaining to the long-term sustainability of dams’ impacts and suggest directions for future research.

scholarly journals Psychedelics and potential benefits in “healthy normals”: A review of the literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Gandy
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Life Meaning ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
High Doses ◽  
And Behavior

We are in the midst of a psychedelic research renaissance. With research examining the efficacy of psychedelics as a treatment for a range of mental health indications still in its early stages, there is an increasing body of research to show that careful use of psychedelics can yield a variety of benefits in “healthy normals” and so lead to “the betterment of well people.” Psychedelics have been found to modulate neuroplasticity, and usage in a supportive setting can result in enduring increases in traits such as well-being, life satisfaction, life meaning, mindfulness, and a variety of measures associated with prosocial behaviors and healthy psychological functioning. The effect of psychedelic experience on measures of personality trait openness and is potential implications is examined, and the potential role of awe as a mediator of the benefits of the psychedelic experience is discussed. Special attention is given to the capacity of psychedelics to increase measures of nature relatedness in an enduring sense, which is being correlated with a broad range of measures of psychological well-being as well as a key predictor of pro-environmental awareness and behavior. The effects of particular classical psychedelic compounds on healthy people are discussed, with special attention given to the mystical-type experiences occasioned by high doses of psychedelics, which appear to be an important mediator of long-term benefits and psychotherapeutic gains. Research looking at the potential benefits of psychedelic microdosing is discussed. Potential future research avenues are explored, focusing on the potential development of psychedelics as agents of ecotherapy.

Beyond Micro-Tasks

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Lukyanenko ◽  
Jeffrey Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Data Management ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Information Production ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Important Type ◽  
Sensory Ability ◽  
Term Data

The emergence of crowdsourcing as an important mode of information production has attracted increasing research attention. In this article, the authors review crowdsourcing research in the data management field. Most research in this domain can be termed tasked-based, focusing on micro-tasks that exploit scale and redundancy in crowds. The authors' review points to another important type of crowdsourcing – which they term observational – that can expand the scope of extant crowdsourcing data management research. Observational crowdsourcing consists of projects that harness human sensory ability to support long-term data acquisition. The authors consider the challenges in this domain, review approaches to data management for crowdsourcing, and suggest directions for future research that bridges the gaps between the two research streams.

scholarly journals The effects of phenological mismatches on demography

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1555) ◽  
pp. 3177-3186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham J. Miller-Rushing ◽  
Toke Thomas Høye ◽  
David W. Inouye ◽  
Eric Post
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Know How ◽  
Phenological Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Term Data ◽  
Demographic Effects ◽  
Long Term Studies ◽  
Key Questions

Climate change is altering the phenology of species across the world, but what are the consequences of these phenological changes for the demography and population dynamics of species? Time-sensitive relationships, such as migration, breeding and predation, may be disrupted or altered, which may in turn alter the rates of reproduction and survival, leading some populations to decline and others to increase in abundance. However, finding evidence for disrupted relationships, or lack thereof, and their demographic effects, is difficult because the necessary detailed observational data are rare. Moreover, we do not know how sensitive species will generally be to phenological mismatches when they occur. Existing long-term studies provide preliminary data for analysing the phenology and demography of species in several locations. In many instances, though, observational protocols may need to be optimized to characterize timing-based multi-trophic interactions. As a basis for future research, we outline some of the key questions and approaches to improving our understanding of the relationships among phenology, demography and climate in a multi-trophic context. There are many challenges associated with this line of research, not the least of which is the need for detailed, long-term data on many organisms in a single system. However, we identify key questions that can be addressed with data that already exist and propose approaches that could guide future research.

scholarly journals Opinion Piece: Patient-Specific Implants May Be the Next Big Thing in Spinal Surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
Tajrian Amin ◽  
William C.H. Parr ◽  
Ralph J. Mobbs
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Surgical Workflow ◽  
Patient Specific Implants ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Improve Patient ◽  
Term Data ◽  
Key Questions

The emergence of 3D-Printing technologies and subsequent medical applications have allowed for the development of Patient-specific implants (PSIs). There have been increasing reports of PSI application to spinal surgery over the last 5 years, including throughout the spine and to a range of pathologies, though largely for complex cases. Through a number of potential benefits, including improvements to the implant–bone interface and surgical workflow, PSIs aim to improve patient and surgical outcomes, as well as potentially provide new avenues for combating challenges routinely faced by spinal surgeons. However, obstacles to widespread acceptance and routine application include the lack of quality long-term data, research challenges and the practicalities of production and navigating the regulatory environment. While recognition of the significant potential of Spinal PSIs is evident in the literature, it is clear a number of key questions must be answered to inform future clinical and research practices. The spinal surgical community must selectively and ethically continue to offer PSIs to patients, simultaneously allowing for the necessary larger, comparative studies to be conducted, as well as continuing to provide optimal patient care, thereby ultimately determining the exact role of this technology and potentially improving outcomes.

scholarly journals Is Chi Running a Safer Alternative for those at Increased Cardiovascular Risk?

The Physician ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Triya Chakravorty ◽  
Elaine Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Tai Chi ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Effective Form ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Larger Sample

Cardiovascular disease is a global burden, and exercise is a well-recognised route to reducing the risk. Running is an effective form of exercise; however, its intensive nature leads to an increased risk of injury. ChiRunning is an alternative running programme that uses principles of mindfulness adapted from Tai Chi. It focuses on altering running gait, with the goal to decrease injury risk. Due to ChiRunning’s recent emergence, data is limited. However, results suggest that ChiRunning improves running gait and may reduce injury risk when compared to traditional methods. Future research with larger sample sizes is required to assess its effectiveness.

scholarly journals Extrapolating Survival from Randomized Trials Using External Data: A Review of Methods

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Jackson ◽  
John Stevens ◽  
Shijie Ren ◽  
Nick Latimer ◽  
Laura Bojke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Data ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
External Data ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Term Data

This article describes methods used to estimate parameters governing long-term survival, or times to other events, for health economic models. Specifically, the focus is on methods that combine shorter-term individual-level survival data from randomized trials with longer-term external data, thus using the longer-term data to aid extrapolation of the short-term data. This requires assumptions about how trends in survival for each treatment arm will continue after the follow-up period of the trial. Furthermore, using external data requires assumptions about how survival differs between the populations represented by the trial and external data. Study reports from a national health technology assessment program in the United Kingdom were searched, and the findings were combined with “pearl-growing” searches of the academic literature. We categorized the methods that have been used according to the assumptions they made about how the hazards of death vary between the external and internal data and through time, and we discuss the appropriateness of the assumptions in different circumstances. Modeling choices, parameter estimation, and characterization of uncertainty are discussed, and some suggestions for future research priorities in this area are given.

High-frequency Oscillations in Epilepsy: What Have We Learned and What Needs to be Addressed

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuying Chen ◽  
Matias I. Maturana ◽  
Anthony N. Burkitt ◽  
Mark J. Cook ◽  
David B. Grayden
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Clinical Biomarkers ◽  
High Frequency Oscillations ◽  
Visual Identification ◽  
Current State ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Term Data

For the past two decades, high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) have been enthusiastically studied by the epilepsy community. Emerging evidence shows that HFOs harbour great promise to delineate epileptogenic brain areas and possibly predict the likelihood of seizures. Investigations into HFOs in clinical epilepsy have advanced from small retrospective studies relying on visual identification and correlation analysis to larger prospective assessments using automatic detection and prediction strategies. While most studies have yielded promising results, some have revealed significant obstacles to clinical application of HFOs, thus raising debate about the reliability and practicality of HFOs as clinical biomarkers. In this review, we give an overview of the current state of HFO research and pinpoint the conceptual and methodological issues that have hampered HFO translation. We highlight recent insights gained from long-term data, high-density recordings and multicentre collaborations, and discuss the open questions that need to be addressed in future research.

Beyond Micro-Tasks

Crowdsourcing ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1510-1535
Author(s):  
Roman Lukyanenko ◽  
Jeffrey Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Data Management ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Information Production ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Important Type ◽  
Sensory Ability ◽  
Term Data

The emergence of crowdsourcing as an important mode of information production has attracted increasing research attention. In this article, the authors review crowdsourcing research in the data management field. Most research in this domain can be termed tasked-based, focusing on micro-tasks that exploit scale and redundancy in crowds. The authors' review points to another important type of crowdsourcing – which they term observational – that can expand the scope of extant crowdsourcing data management research. Observational crowdsourcing consists of projects that harness human sensory ability to support long-term data acquisition. The authors consider the challenges in this domain, review approaches to data management for crowdsourcing, and suggest directions for future research that bridges the gaps between the two research streams.

Beyond Micro-Tasks

2019 ◽  
pp. 1403-1428
Author(s):  
Roman Lukyanenko ◽  
Jeffrey Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Data Management ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Information Production ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Important Type ◽  
Sensory Ability ◽  
Term Data

The emergence of crowdsourcing as an important mode of information production has attracted increasing research attention. In this article, the authors review crowdsourcing research in the data management field. Most research in this domain can be termed tasked-based, focusing on micro-tasks that exploit scale and redundancy in crowds. The authors' review points to another important type of crowdsourcing – which they term observational – that can expand the scope of extant crowdsourcing data management research. Observational crowdsourcing consists of projects that harness human sensory ability to support long-term data acquisition. The authors consider the challenges in this domain, review approaches to data management for crowdsourcing, and suggest directions for future research that bridges the gaps between the two research streams.

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