scholarly journals Does meiotic drive alter male mate preference?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Ronan Finnegan ◽  
Leslie Nitsche ◽  
Matteo Mondani ◽  
M Florencia Camus ◽  
Kevin Fowler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Meiotic Drive ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Mate Preference ◽  
Male Preference ◽  
Male Mate ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Organismal Fitness ◽  
Minor Extent

AbstractMale mate preferences have been demonstrated across a range of species, including the Malaysian stalk-eyed fly, Teleopsis dalmanni. This species is subject to sex-ratio (SR), an X-linked male meiotic driver, which causes the dysfunction of Y-sperm and the production of all-female broods. While there has been work considering female avoidance of meiotic drive males, the mating decisions of drive-bearing males have not been considered previously. Drive males may be less able to bear the cost of choice as SR is associated with a low-frequency inversion that causes reduced organismal fitness. Drive males may also experience weaker selection for preference maintenance if they are avoided by females. Using binary choice trials, across two experiments, we confirmed male preference for large (fecund) females but found no evidence that the strength of male preference differs between drive and standard males. We showed that large eyespan males displayed strong preference for large females, whereas small eyespan males showed no preference. Taken together, these results suggest that, even though meiotic drive is associated with lower genetic quality, it does not directly interfere with male mate preference among available females. However, as drive males tend to have smaller eyespan (albeit only ~5% on average), this will to a minor extent weaken their strength of preference.

scholarly journals Does meiotic drive alter male mate preference?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Ronan Finnegan ◽  
Leslie Nitsche ◽  
Matteo Mondani ◽  
M. Florencia Camus ◽  
Kevin Fowler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Meiotic Drive ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Mate Preference ◽  
Selfish Genetic Element ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Male Mate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Organismal Fitness

AbstractMale mate preferences have been demonstrated across a range of species, including the Malaysian stalk-eyed fly, Teleopsis dalmanni. This species is subject to SR, an X-linked male meiotic driver, that causes the dysfunction of Y-sperm and the production all female broods. SR is associated with a low frequency inversion spanning most of the X chromosome that causes reduced organismal fitness. While there has been work considering female avoidance of meiotic drive males, the mating decisions of drive-bearing males have not been considered previously. As drive males are of lower genetic quality they may be less able to bear the cost of choice or may experience weaker selection for its maintenance if they are avoided by females. We investigated preference of drive males using binary choice trials. We confirmed that males prefer to mate with large females (indicative of greater fecundity) but found no evidence that the strength of male mate preference differs between drive and standard males. This suggests that the cost of choice does not restrict male reference among drive males. In a further experiment, we found that large eyespan males showed strong preference whereas small eyespan males showed no preference. This is likely to weaken mate preference in drive males, as on average they have reduced eyespan compared to standard males. In this respect, drive males are subject to and exert weak sexual selection.Lay summaryWe studied male mate preference in stalk-eyed flies. This species suffers from meiotic drive, a selfish genetic element that causes a reduction in sperm production and organismal fitness. We predicted that males with meiotic drive would show weak mate preference. Males preferred to mate with large females, but there was no difference in the strength of preference between drive and non-drive males. Males with larger eyespan showed stronger mate preference. Meiotic drive males usually have reduced eyespan so on average they exert weaker sexual selection on females, but this is mediated by eyespan, not genotype per se.

Factors affecting the future of the Scottish hydrometric network

1987 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Poodle
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Data Standards ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Minor Extent

ABSTRACTThe Scottish Hydrometric Network consists of a number of river gauging stations which have been located at sites considered suitable to provide long term flow records. Economic recession has placed some stress on the gauging programme, and has given rise to extensive closures of gauging stations in England and, to a minor extent so far, in Scotland. The way in which the network became established provides a mixture of strengths and weaknesses which could have unpredictable consequences in an adverse economic climate. Changing technology provides some opportunity to reduce the cost of data acquisition and improve the deployment of manpower, while maintaining data standards. In these changing circumstances, particularly with extensive use of computer systems, it is important that standards are established for data returned to the Water Archive and that the network is not allowed to degenerate by default.

Cost-effectiveness of Misoprostol in Sweden

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 234-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bengt Jönsson ◽  
Ulf Haglund
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Osteoarthritis Patient ◽  
High Age ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Minor Extent

AbstractBased on an American multicenter study, an economic evaluation of prophylactic misoprostol was undertaken in Sweden. The study included 420 patients with osteoarthritis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-associated abdominal pain, but no gastric ulcer at inclusion. The frequency of ulcer development with and without prophylactic misoprostol was assessed at 21.7% and 5.6%, respectively, for a 3-month period. All costs for drugs, ambulatory care, hospital care, loss of production, as well as other factors such as dosage and compliance, were transferred to Swedish conditions. It was concluded that in patients with osteoarthritis and NSAID-induced abdominal pain, prophylaxis with misoprostol is cost-effective in Sweden, which is similar to what is found for other countries. A prerequisite for this result is a frequency of ulcer development of 15%. A patient compliance to prophylactic treatment of more than 60% is also presupposed (79% was observed in the above study). Due to the high age of the osteoarthritis patient population, the cost-effectiveness is influenced to only a minor extent by whether indirect costs are included in the calculation.

Variation in male mate preference for female size in the swordtail Xiphophorus malinche

Behaviour ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 146 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scarlett Tudor ◽  
Molly Morris
Keyword(s):  
Preference Test ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Mate Preference ◽  
Large Female ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Male Size ◽  
Female Mate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Male Mate

AbstractMale and female mate preferences have the potential to influence one another, and such interactions could help explain variation in female mate preferences. In Xiphophorus malinche, larger females prefer asymmetrical males while smaller females prefer symmetrical males. We used a two-part preference test to determine if there were differences in mate preferences between symmetrical and asymmetrical males for female size that could influence female mate preference. We found no significant difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical male's preferences. A preference for large female size was detected during the time males directly interacted with females and in standard dichotomous choice tests that followed, as long as the males had been isolated less than 30 days. We did detect variation in male preference for female size depending on male size and the amount of time a male was isolated. These results suggest that variation in male mate preference is not likely to have produced the difference in female preference for symmetry between large and small females, but should be considered where females vary in their preference for male size. In addition, our results suggest that males may shift their preferences from large to small females depending on time since last mating opportunity.

scholarly journals Evolved human male preferences for female body shape

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Rebecca Chastain ◽  
Daniel Taub
Keyword(s):  
Resource Availability ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Mate Preference ◽  
Human Male ◽  
Male Mate ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Apparent Influence

Female body shape has an apparent influence on mate value as perceived by males. Some researchers have suggested that human male mate preference has evolved to universally favor a specific body shape which can be quantified with a particular value for Waist-Hip Ratio and/or Body Mass Index. Other research has presented evidence that populations of males exhibit differentiated preferences for female body shape. The research literature largely supports the hypothesis that male mate preference for female body shape is variable and dependent upon local resource availability. These conclusions provide insight into the evolutionary processes that have acted to produce adaptive flexibility in human male mate preferences in accordance with the environment.

Some Males are Choosier Than Others: Species Recognition in Blue Waxbills

Behaviour ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
pp. 1021-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Male Preference ◽  
Mating Preferences ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Male Mate ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractWe investigated whether species specific mating preferences differed between the sexes in three species of blue waxbill (genus Uraeginthus). We compared male preference for conspecific females versus heterospecific blue waxbill females using two-way choice trials. The results were compared with predictions of the strength of species specific mating preferences made on the basis of several different hypotheses. These predictions were made according to the specific behavioural and morphological traits of the three species, their phylogenetic relatedness and relative geographical location. Males did not prefer conspecific females whenever they were given a choice of a larger heterospecific female. Furthermore, males tended to discriminate between females more strongly when there was a large difference in size between the two species of females that they had been presented with. Relating the strength of males preference for conspecific females to the predictions made according to the different hypotheses it appeared that males were discriminating between females on the basis of their size. We compared male mate preferences for conspecifics versus heterospecifics with female mate preferences for conspecifics versus heterospecifics that had been ascertained in a previous study. There were marked differences between preference for conspecifics between the sexes for all three species, suggesting that males and females used different criteria to choose mates when discriminating between related species. Males appeared to use female size whereas females appeared to use the degree of male ornamentation, suggesting that mate preference is under a different selective pressure between the sexes. The results of this study have identified that there is a potential for hybridisation between blue breast females and both red cheek and blue cap males. In the event of a geographical change leading to sympatry between these species the degree of hybridisation will depend on the preference criteria within each species and the differences in morphology between those species. This will ultimately determine how discrimination between heterospecifics will interact with conspecific mate choice.

Reinforcement of male mate preferences in sympatric killifish species Lucania goodei and Lucania parva

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 1429-1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Gregorio ◽  
Emma L. Berdan ◽  
Genevieve M. Kozak ◽  
Rebecca C. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Lucania Goodei ◽  
Male Mate

Optimally Sensitive and Efficient Compact Loudspeakers for Low Audio Frequencies

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Aarts
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Criterion ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Force Factor ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Limited Frequency ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Conventionally, the ultimate goal in loudspeaker design has been to obtain a flat frequency response over a specified frequency range. This can be achieved by carefully selecting the main loudspeaker parameters such as the enclosure volume, the cone diameter, the moving mass and the very crucial “force factor”. For loudspeakers in small cabinets the results of this design procedure appear to be quite inefficient, especially at low frequencies. This paper describes a new solution to this problem. It consists of the combination of a highly non-linear preprocessing of the audio signal and the use of a so called low-force-factor loudspeaker. This combination yields a strongly increased efficiency, at least over a limited frequency range, at the cost of a somewhat altered sound quality. An analytically tractable optimality criterion has been defined and has been verified by the design of an experimental loudspeaker. This has a much higher efficiency and a higher sensitivity than current low-frequency loudspeakers, while its cabinet can be much smaller.

Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvan Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Erosion Control ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Cupressus Arizonica ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Minor Extent

Abstract At present, in the New World, C. arizonica and its varieties are of low economic importance, but they are sometimes cut for fenceposts, fuelwood and lumber, and recently they have become popular as Christmas trees. By contrast, the Arizona cypress (C. arizonica var. arizonica) and the smooth cypress (C. arizonica var. glabra) are widespread in Europe and are used for landscaping, erosion control, windbreaks, and to a minor extent for lumber.

Chapter II. The World Economy

1983 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 26-38
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Minor Extent

The recovery in the OECD area gathered pace in the second quarter, when its total GDP probably increased by as much as 1 per cent. The rise was, however, heavily concentrated in North America and particularly the US. There may well have been a slight fall in Western Europe, where the level of industrial production hardly changed and increases in gross product in West Germany and, to a minor extent, in France were outweighed by falls in Italy and (according to the expenditure measure) the UK.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document