Political Climate, Voter Suppression Policies and Federal Sentencing Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1155-1180
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S Nowacki ◽  
Danielle Creech ◽  
Megan Parks
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
District Courts ◽  
Racial Threat ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
The Us ◽  
Voter Suppression ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Many states in the United States have recently implemented voter suppression policies, which make voting more difficult, particularly for members of marginalized populations (e.g. non-white and female voters). In this article, we examine how these policies and other measures of political climate influence criminal sentencing in US district courts. Using 2015 data from the US Sentencing Commission, alongside other district-level measures, we find both direct and conditioning relationships between political climate and extra-legal variables. Specifically, we find that, while voter suppression policies do not directly affect sentence length, racial threat effects are enhanced in districts governed by such policies. Conversely, districts without such policies see larger mitigating effects at high levels of ethnic diversity and gender equality.

scholarly journals Understanding Implementation Challenges to Genetic Testing for Familial Hypercholesterolemia in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachele Hendricks-Sturrup ◽  
Christine Lu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Familial Hypercholesterolemia ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
The Us ◽  
Control And Prevention

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States (US), with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) being a major inherited and genetic risk factor for premature CVD and atherosclerosis. Genetic testing has helped patients and providers confirm the presence of known pathogenic and likely pathogenic variations in FH-associated genes. Key organizations, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), American Heart Association (AHA), FH Foundation, and National Lipid Association (NLA), have recognized the clinical utility of FH genetic testing. However, FH genetic testing is underutilized in clinical practice in the US for reasons that are underexplored through the lens of implementation science. In this commentary, we discuss seven key implementation challenges that must be overcome to strengthen the clinical adoption of FH genetic testing in the US. These implementation challenges center on evidence of cost-effectiveness, navigating patient and provider preferences and concerns, gender and ethnic diversity and representation in genetic testing, and establishing clinical consensus around FH genetic testing based on the latest and most relevant research findings. Overcoming these implementation challenges is imperative to the mission of reducing CVD risk in the US.

scholarly journals Korean Female Graduate Students’ Experiences in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Eun Hong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Model Minority ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Model Minority Stereotype ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Gender

The unique experiences of Korean female graduate students (KFGS) in the United States (US) have not received much attention or been discussed although Korea has been one of the leading countries sending students to the US. By examining literature regarding the experiences of KFGS studying and living in the US, this paper reports their challenges (e.g., racial and gender discrimination, the model minority stereotype, and multiple roles as students and as wives and/or mothers) and ways to respond to those challenges. This paper also urges to conduct more research on lives of KFGS to make them visible and heard in US academia.

Reflections on the evolution of educational leadership preparation programs in the United States and challenges ahead

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Educational Leadership ◽  
School Leaders ◽  
Leadership Preparation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Preparation Programs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Educational Leadership Preparation Programs

Purpose – The purpose of this legacy paper is to review leadership preparation over time in the United States and addresses challenges ahead. It is hoped that the US developments will be instructive to an international audience interested in strengthening the preparation of school leaders. Design/methodology/approach – The paper synthesizes research and commentary on leadership preparation programs in the US as a basis for identifying five challenges ahead. Findings – Meaningful change should be informed by the past but not bound by tradition. It is imperative to be open to different viewpoints, to take reasonable – and at times bold – risks, and to question deeply held values and assumptions. Broad recognition of the significant role school leaders play in facilitating student learning suggests that the political climate is right to effect meaningful reforms in leadership preparation in the US. Those involved in preparing school leaders are urged to address the challenges identified in this paper. Research limitations/implications – Encouraging work is underway, but many more people need to be involved in efforts to rigorously assess and improve leadership preparation. Practical implications – We do not have all the answers but cannot be paralyzed by what we do not know. We are ethically responsible to act on what we do know, such as incorporating the compelling research on learning theory into the leadership preparation curriculum. Originality/value – The traditional complacency in the educational leadership professoriate cannot continue if university preparation programs are to meet the needs of the next generation of school leaders. The time is short, and the stakes are high for all involved especially for PK-12 students.

scholarly journals How the Pandemic Has Reshaped Economic Inclusion in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mark E. Schweitzer ◽  
Emily Dohrman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
The Us ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
And Gender

The pandemic brought unusually large and novel changes to the US labor market. Some sectors lost half or nearly half of their employment; others moved their workforces to home settings. Some workers lost their jobs, some left their jobs temporarily, and some left the workforce altogether. These changes have affected different demographic groups differently. We investigate how the pandemic affected workers of different ages, racial or ethnic backgrounds, and gender and the degree to which these effects have persisted after a year of recovery.

Latinx Business and Entrepreneurship

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro A. Regalado
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Basic Element ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
Pivotal Moments ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The 19Th Century

Entrepreneurship has been a basic element of Latinx life in the United States since long before the nation’s founding, varying in scale and cutting across race, class, and gender to different degrees. Indigenous forms of commerce pre-dated Spanish contact in the Americas and continued thereafter. Beginning in the 16th century, the raising, trading, and production of cattle and cattle-related products became foundational to Spanish, Mexican, and later American Southwest society and culture. By the 19th century, Latinxs in US metropolitan areas began to establish enterprises in the form of storefronts, warehouses, factories, as well as smaller ventures including peddling. At times, they succeeded previous ethnic owners; in other moments, they established new businesses that shaped everyday life and politics of their respective communities. Whatever the scale of their ventures, Latinx business owners continued to capitalize on the migration of Latinx people to the United States from Latin America and the Caribbean during the 20th century. These entrepreneurs entered business for different reasons, often responding to restricted or constrained labor options, though many sought the flexibility that entrepreneurship offered. Despite an increasing association between Latinx people and entrepreneurship, profits from Latinx ventures produced uneven results during the second half of the 20th century. For some, finance and business ownership has generated immense wealth and political influence. For others at the margins of society, it has remained a tool for achieving sustenance amid the variability of a racially stratified labor market. No monolithic account can wholly capture the vastness and complexity of Latinx economic activity. Latinx business and entrepreneurship remains a vital piece of the place-making and politics of the US Latinx population. This article provides an overview of major trends and pivotal moments in its rich history.

scholarly journals The Magnitude of Black/Hispanic Disparity in COVID-19 Mortality Across United States Counties During the First Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Im ◽  
Lalani L. Munasinghe ◽  
José M. Martínez ◽  
William Letsou ◽  
Farideh Bagherzadeh-Khiabani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
County Level ◽  
Urbanization Level ◽  
The Us ◽  
Disparity Gradient ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Death Count

Objectives: To quantify the Black/Hispanic disparity in COVID-19 mortality in the United States (US).Methods: COVID-19 deaths in all US counties nationwide were analyzed to estimate COVID-19 mortality rate ratios by county-level proportions of Black/Hispanic residents, using mixed-effects Poisson regression. Excess COVID-19 mortality counts, relative to predicted under a counterfactual scenario of no racial/ethnic disparity gradient, were estimated.Results: County-level COVID-19 mortality rates increased monotonically with county-level proportions of Black and Hispanic residents, up to 5.4-fold (≥43% Black) and 11.6-fold (≥55% Hispanic) higher compared to counties with <5% Black and <15% Hispanic residents, respectively, controlling for county-level poverty, age, and urbanization level. Had this disparity gradient not existed, the US COVID-19 death count would have been 92.1% lower (177,672 fewer deaths), making the rate comparable to other high-income countries with substantially lower COVID-19 death counts.Conclusion: During the first 8 months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the US experienced the highest number of COVID-19 deaths. This COVID-19 mortality burden is strongly associated with county-level racial/ethnic diversity, explaining most US COVID-19 deaths.

When Opportunity Knocks: Economic Liberalisation and Stealth Welfare in the United States

2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABRAHAM L. NEWMAN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Innovation ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Telephone Service ◽  
Earned Income ◽  
The Us ◽  
Advanced Industrial Economies ◽  
State Context

During an era of welfare retrenchment in the United States, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and Lifeline Universal Telephone Service evolved from residual means-tested programs to significant social policies. The cases demonstrate the opportunity points for social policy innovation that exist in the political climate of economic liberalisation. The essay describes patterns that do not simply prevent retrenchment but hint at politically advantageous policy designs that permit social policy expansion in the US welfare state context. I label this policy-making strategy stealth welfare. Moreover, by considering programs like Lifeline service the article draws attention to the evolving nature of social policy in advanced industrial economies.

Venue and Forum Selection in the US and UK

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Mallon ◽  
Shai Y. Waisman ◽  
Ray C. Schrock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Congress ◽  
District Courts ◽  
Exclusive Jurisdiction ◽  
The Us

Most bankruptcy cases in the US are heard by specialized bankruptcy courts, which are vested with authority to hear such cases by the US district courts. The United States Congress granted US district courts original and exclusive jurisdiction over—that is, the authority to hear—US bankruptcy cases. However, district courts may (and uniformly do) refer such cases and proceedings to the bankruptcy courts in their respective districts, often pursuant to standing referral orders (in other words, the referral to the bankruptcy courts is automatic).

From “coming out” to “Undocuqueer”: intersections between illegality and queerness and the US undocumented youth movement

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-143
Author(s):  
Ina Batzke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
The United States ◽  
Undocumented Youth ◽  
Youth Movement ◽  
Narrative Self ◽  
Movement Strategies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
And Gender

This chapter explores the intersectionality of seeking citizenship and gender on the movement strategies of undocumented youths by tracing the evolvement of the Undocuqueer movement within the overall undocumented youth movement in the United States since 2001. By analyzing both tactics and narrative self-representations of Undocuqueer activists, it describes the specificities of UndocuQueer challenges and opportunities in order to trace how LGBTQ representations of undocumented youth legitimized themselves within the larger scope of the movement. In the course of this discussion, it is clear that the UndocuQueer tactics are not be understood as a parallel occurrence to earlier representations of undocumentedness, but instead as an intersecting one in the fight for social justice, which almost organically grew from within the overall undocumented community.

Abstract 13795: Race and Gender Differences in Mortality From Atrial Fibrillation in the United States: 1999 to 2018

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arshi Parvez ◽  
Justin Salciccioli ◽  
Augustin DeLago ◽  
Joseph Shalhoub ◽  
Adam Hartley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Black Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Observation Period

Objective: To assess differences in mortality trends from atrial fibrillation (AF) among different races and genders in the United States (US). Background: AF is the most common sustained cardiac arrythmia in the US. No up to date analysis has assessed AF mortality trends by race and gender across the US. Methods: For this observational analysis US AF mortality data from 1999 to 2018 for individuals >45 years of age were extracted from the CDC WONDER database. International Classification of Diseases code I48 was used to define AF. Mortality data were age-standardized to the US 2000 standard population, and stratified by gender and race (Caucasian, Black, Asian). Joinpoint regression analysis was used to assess for significant changes in trends over the observation period, and provide estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC)s with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: From 1999 to 2018, the mortality rate per 100,000 population, increased significantly from 3.7 to 8.3 (+124%, the greatest increase observed) amongst Asian men (AM), from 5.4 to 10.8 (+100%) amongst Black men (BM), and from 9.2 to 19.2 (+108%) amongst Caucasian men (CM). Mortality increases, per 100,000 population, were seen from 4.0 to 7.4 (+85%, the smallest increase observed) in Asian women (AW), 5.3 to 12.8 (+121%) in Black women (BW), and 8.9 to 19.7 (+121%) in Caucasian women (CW) over the same time period. Joinpoint analysis demonstrated significant increasing AF mortality trends for both genders and all races studied. AW had the highest EAPC of 8.6 (95% CI 6.0-11.3) between 1999-2008, which slowed to 2.2 (95% CI 0.1-4.3) between 2009-2018. AM followed a similar EAPC pattern: 7.7 (95% CI 5.7-9.8) between 1999-2008, decreasing to 0.5 (95% CI -1.1-2.2) between 2009-2018. Between 1999-2018, EAPCs increased for BW (3.8, 95% CI 3.2-4.4), CW (4.4, 95% CI 4.0-4.8), BM (4.0, 95% CI 3.4-4.6) and CM (4.8, 95% CI 4.4-5.2). Conclusion: Between 1999 and 2018, there are increasing AF mortality trends amongst both genders and all races, with Caucasians having the greatest overall increases during the observation period. EAPCs demonstrate that the rates of increases in AF mortality are greatest in Caucasians, followed by Asian then Black Americans.

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