scholarly journals Going Spatial: Applying Egohoods to Fear of Crime Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1411-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Glas ◽  
Godfried Engbersen ◽  
Erik Snel
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Contextual Effects ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Residential Context ◽  
System Data ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Geographic Information System Data ◽  
Scale Data

Abstract A central theme in criminology is how fear of crime is influenced by the residential context. Most researchers rely on administrative neighbourhoods to define context. These administrative units do not necessarily align with how inhabitants experience their local surroundings. The present study combines administrative neighbourhoods with a more innovative way to measure context. Using geocoded survey data (N = 14.620) in combination with detailed geographic information system data, we construct egohoods with different radii (ranging from 50 to 750 m). We find that crime, ethnic diversity, economic status, disorder and facilities all have an effect on feelings of unsafety. The contextual effects differ in size and are not detected in all spatial contexts, indicating that it matters how and to which scale data are aggregated.

scholarly journals Segment-Based Approach for Assessing Hazard Risk of Coastal Highways in Hawai‘i

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrison Togia ◽  
Oceana P. Francis ◽  
Karl Kim ◽  
Guohui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
The Road ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
Multiple Indicators ◽  
System Data ◽  
Rural Highway ◽  
Geographic Information System Data

Hazards to roadways and travelers can be drastically different because hazards are largely dependent on the regional environment and climate. This paper describes the development of a qualitative method for assessing infrastructure importance and hazard exposure for rural highway segments in Hawai‘i under different conditions. Multiple indicators of roadway importance are considered, including traffic volume, population served, accessibility, connectivity, reliability, land use, and roadway connection to critical infrastructures, such as hospitals and police stations. The method of evaluating roadway hazards and importance can be tailored to fit different regional hazard scenarios. It assimilates data from diverse sources to estimate risks of disruption. A case study for Highway HI83 in Hawai‘i, which is exposed to multiple hazards, is conducted. Weakening of the road by coastal erosion, inundation from sea level rise, and rockfall hazards require adaptation solutions. By analyzing the risk of disruption to highway segments, adaptation approaches can be prioritized. Using readily available geographic information system data sets for the exposure and impacts of potential hazards, this method could be adapted not only for emergency management but also for planning, design, and engineering of resilient highways.

Automatic Identification of Roadway Horizontal Alignment Information Using Geographic Information System Data: CurvS Tool

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110363
Author(s):  
Bekir Bartin ◽  
Sami Demiroluk ◽  
Kaan Ozbay ◽  
Mojibulrahman Jami
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Horizontal Alignment ◽  
System Data ◽  
Overlap Ratio ◽  
Geographic Information System Data

This paper introduces CurvS, a web-based tool for researchers and analysts that automatically extracts, visualizes, and analyzes roadway horizontal alignment information using readily available geographic information system roadway centerline data. The functionalities of CurvS are presented along with a brief background on its methodology. The validation of its estimation results are presented using actual horizontal alignment data from two different roadway types: Route 83, a two-lane two-way rural roadway in New Jersey and I-80, a freeway segment in Nevada. Different metrics are used for validation. These are identification rates of curved and tangent sections, overlap ratio of curved and tangent sections between estimated and actual horizontal alignment data, and percent fit of curve radii. The validation results show that CurvS is able to identify all the curves on these two roadways, and the estimated section lengths are significantly close to the actual alignment data, especially for the I-80 freeway segment, where 90% of curved length and 94% of tangent section length are correctly matched. Even when curves have small central angles, such as the ones in Route 83, CurvS’s estimations covers 71% of curved length and 96% of tangent section length.

Racial/Ethnic Diversity and Economy - A Broad Overview of U.S. Counties, 2000-2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-41
Author(s):  
Madhuri Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Inertia Effects ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
County Scale ◽  
Scale Data

This article explores the relationships between diversity, its components, and their change with economic health at the scale of counties, using major economic characteristics such as change in population, labor-force participation, employment and unemployment, and median household income (overall and by race/ethnicity). Tract-scale and county-scale data from the National Historical Geographic Information System are used to compute diversity scores and its components, to visually analyze the spatial distribution patterns. Correlations & stepwise regression models suggest that diversity-2000 associates positively with greater diversity (overall and among non-whites) in 2014, but negatively with a change in diversity (overall, and non-white). While median household income associates with a positive change in diversity, those for Blacks associate negatively with change in diversity, largely supporting the inertia effects of Black presence as an ‘unattractive' factor. Unemployment associates with diversity & change/non-white-diversity, suggesting unemployment likely prevalent among whites. This has huge socio-economic and politics-based policy implications.

scholarly journals ‘All in it Together’? Social Cohesion in a Divided Society: Attitudes to Income Inequality and Redistribution in a Residential Context

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADE KEARNS ◽  
NICK BAILEY ◽  
MARIA GANNON ◽  
MARK LIVINGSTON ◽  
ALASTAIR LEYLAND
Keyword(s):  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Deprived Neighbourhoods ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Residential Context ◽  
Wealth Inequalities ◽  
Levels Of Support

AbstractThis paper asks whether where someone lives bears any association with their attitudes to inequality and income redistribution, focusing on the relative contribution of neighbourhood income, density and ethnic composition. People on higher incomes showed higher support for redistribution when living in more deprived neighbourhoods. People with lower levels of altruism had higher levels of support for redistribution in neighbourhoods of higher density. People living in more ethnically mixed neighbourhoods had higher levels of support for redistribution on average, but this support declined for Whites with low levels of altruism as the deprivation of the neighbourhood increased. Current trends which sustain or extend income and wealth inequalities, reflected in patterns of residence, may undermine social cohesion in the medium- to long-term. This may be offset to some extent by trends of rising residential ethnic diversity.

When Distance Mattered: Geographic Scale and the Development of European Representative Assemblies

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID STASAVAGE
Keyword(s):  
Political Representation ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Small States ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Simple Fact ◽  
Data Set ◽  
European State ◽  
System Data ◽  
Geographic Information System Data

Scholars investigating European state development have long placed a heavy emphasis on the role played by representative institutions. The presence of an active representative assembly, it is argued, allowed citizens and rulers to contract over raising revenue and accessing credit. It may also have had implications for economic growth. These arguments have in turn been used to draw broad implications about the causal effect of analogous institutions in other places and during other time periods. But if assemblies had such clear efficiency benefits, why did they not become a universal phenomenon in Europe prior to the nineteenth century? I argue that in an era of costly communications and transport, an intensive form of political representative was much easier to sustain in geographically compact polities. This simple fact had important implications for the pattern of European state formation, and it may provide one reason why small states were able to survive despite threats from much larger neighbors. I test several relevant hypotheses using an original data set that provides the first broad view of European representative institutions in the medieval and early modern eras. I combine this with a geographic information system data set of state boundaries and populations in Europe between 1250 and 1750. The results suggest a strong effect of geographic scale on the format of political representation. The broader implication of this result is to provide a reminder that if institutions help solve contracting problems, ultimately, the maintenance of institutions may itself depend on ongoing transactions costs.

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