scholarly journals Essential protective roles of reactive astrocytes in traumatic brain injury

Brain ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (10) ◽  
pp. 2761-2772 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Myer
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Reactive Astrocytes

scholarly journals Endothelin ETB Receptor-Mediated Astrocytic Activation: Pathological Roles in Brain Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4333
Author(s):  
Yutaka Koyama
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Drug Target ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Reactive Astrocytes ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Etb Receptor ◽  
Target Molecules ◽  
Endothelin B

In brain disorders, reactive astrocytes, which are characterized by hypertrophy of the cell body and proliferative properties, are commonly observed. As reactive astrocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of several brain disorders, the control of astrocytic function has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy, and target molecules to effectively control astrocytic functions have been investigated. The production of brain endothelin-1 (ET-1), which increases in brain disorders, is involved in the pathophysiological response of the nervous system. Endothelin B (ETB) receptors are highly expressed in reactive astrocytes and are upregulated by brain injury. Activation of astrocyte ETB receptors promotes the induction of reactive astrocytes. In addition, the production of various astrocyte-derived factors, including neurotrophic factors and vascular permeability regulators, is regulated by ETB receptors. In animal models of Alzheimer’s disease, brain ischemia, neuropathic pain, and traumatic brain injury, ETB-receptor-mediated regulation of astrocytic activation has been reported to improve brain disorders. Therefore, the astrocytic ETB receptor is expected to be a promising drug target to improve several brain disorders. This article reviews the roles of ETB receptors in astrocytic activation and discusses its possible applications in the treatment of brain disorders.

scholarly journals Temporal evolution of heme oxygenase-1 expression in reactive astrocytes and microglia in response to traumatic brain injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
Alexander Morita ◽  
Amandine Jullienne ◽  
Arjang Salehi ◽  
Mary Hamer ◽  
Emon Javadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Heme Oxygenase ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Reactive Astrocytes ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1

scholarly journals Opposing Roles for Reactive Astrocytes following Traumatic Brain Injury

Neurosignals ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 154-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa D. Laird ◽  
John R. Vender ◽  
Krishnan M. Dhandapani
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Reactive Astrocytes

scholarly journals Up-Regulation of Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase mRNA in Reactive Astrocytes Following Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat

2002 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 887-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanling Zou ◽  
Lynn A. Burmeister ◽  
Scot D. Styren ◽  
Patrick M. Kochanek ◽  
Steven T. DeKosky
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Reactive Astrocytes ◽  
Iodothyronine Deiodinase

scholarly journals PD-L1-expressing astrocytes act as a gate-keeper for neuroinflammation in the central nervous system of mice with traumatic brain injury

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Gao ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Fahim Syed ◽  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Ping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Reactive Astrocytes ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
The Brain

Background: Tissue damage and cellular destruction are the major events in traumatic brain injury (TBI), which trigger sterile neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. While appropriate acute and transient neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses facilitate the repair and adaptation of injured brain tissues, prolonged and excessive neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses exacerbate brain damage. The mechanisms that control the intensity and duration of neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses in TBI largely remain elusive. Methods: We used the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI to study the role of immune checkpoints (ICPs), key regulators of immune homeostasis, in the regulation of neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain in vivo. Results: We found that de novo expression of PD-L1, a potent inhibitory ICP, was robustly and transiently induced in reactive astrocytes, but not in microglial cells, neurons, or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). These PD-L1+ reactive astrocytes were highly enriched to form a dense zone around the TBI lesion. Blockade of PD-L1 signaling enlarged brain tissue cavity size, increased infiltration of inflammatory Ly-6CHigh monocytes/macrophages (M/Mɸ) but not tissue-repairing Ly-6CLow/F4/80+ M/Mɸ, and worsened TBI outcomes in mice. PD-L1 gene knockout enhanced production of CCL2 that interacted with its cognate receptor CCR2 on Ly-6CHigh M/Mϕ to chemotactically recruit these cells into inflammatory sites. Mechanically, PD-L1 signaling in astrocytes likely exhibits dual inhibitory activities for the prevention of excessive neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses to TBI through (1) the PD-1/PD-L1 axis to suppress the activity of brain-infiltrating PD-1+ immune cells such as PD-1+ T cells, and (2) PD-L1 reverse signaling to regulate the timing and intensity of astrocyte reactions to TBI. Conclusions: PD-L1+ astrocytes act as a gatekeeper to the brain to control TBI-related neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses, thereby opening a novel avenue to study the role of ICP-neuroimmune axes in the pathophysiology of TBI and other neurological disorders.

Cognitive control constrains memory attributions

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Kelley ◽  
Larry L. Jacoby
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cognitive Control

Abstract Cognitive control constrains retrieval processing and so restricts what comes to mind as input to the attribution system. We review evidence that older adults, patients with Alzheimer's disease, and people with traumatic brain injury exert less cognitive control during retrieval, and so are susceptible to memory misattributions in the form of dramatic levels of false remembering.

Lessons Learned From Coaching Postsecondary Students With Traumatic Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Mary R. T. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Exhaustive List

Purpose The purpose of this clinical focus article is to provide speech-language pathologists with a brief update of the evidence that provides possible explanations for our experiences while coaching college students with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Method The narrative text provides readers with lessons we learned as speech-language pathologists functioning as cognitive coaches to college students with TBI. This is not meant to be an exhaustive list, but rather to consider the recent scientific evidence that will help our understanding of how best to coach these college students. Conclusion Four lessons are described. Lesson 1 focuses on the value of self-reported responses to surveys, questionnaires, and interviews. Lesson 2 addresses the use of immediate/proximal goals as leverage for students to update their sense of self and how their abilities and disabilities may alter their more distal goals. Lesson 3 reminds us that teamwork is necessary to address the complex issues facing these students, which include their developmental stage, the sudden onset of trauma to the brain, and having to navigate going to college with a TBI. Lesson 4 focuses on the need for college students with TBI to learn how to self-advocate with instructors, family, and peers.

The Speech-Language Pathologists' Role in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Middle and High School–Age Children: Viewpoints on Guidelines From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 1363-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Brown ◽  
Katy O'Brien ◽  
Kelly Knollman-Porter ◽  
Tracey Wallace
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Centers For Disease Control

Purpose The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently released guidelines for rehabilitation professionals regarding the care of children with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Given that mTBI impacts millions of children each year and can be particularly detrimental to children in middle and high school age groups, access to universal recommendations for management of postinjury symptoms is ideal. Method This viewpoint article examines the CDC guidelines and applies these recommendations directly to speech-language pathology practices. In particular, education, assessment, treatment, team management, and ongoing monitoring are discussed. In addition, suggested timelines regarding implementation of services by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are provided. Specific focus is placed on adolescents (i.e., middle and high school–age children). Results SLPs are critical members of the rehabilitation team working with children with mTBI and should be involved in education, symptom monitoring, and assessment early in the recovery process. SLPs can also provide unique insight into the cognitive and linguistic challenges of these students and can serve to bridge the gap among rehabilitation and school-based professionals, the adolescent with brain injury, and their parents. Conclusion The guidelines provided by the CDC, along with evidence from the field of speech pathology, can guide SLPs to advocate for involvement in the care of adolescents with mTBI. More research is needed to enhance the evidence base for direct assessment and treatment with this population; however, SLPs can use their extensive knowledge and experience working with individuals with traumatic brain injury as a starting point for post-mTBI care.

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