scholarly journals RNA-seq reveals novel mechanistic targets of withaferin A in prostate cancer cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 778-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su-Hyeong Kim ◽  
Eun-Ryeong Hahm ◽  
Krishna B Singh ◽  
Sruti Shiva ◽  
Jacob Stewart-Ornstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Citrate Lyase

Abstract Withaferin A (WA) is a promising phytochemical exhibiting in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities against prostate and other cancers, but the mechanism of its action is not fully understood. In this study, we performed RNA-seq analysis using 22Rv1 human prostate cancer cell line to identify mechanistic targets of WA. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed most significant enrichment of genes associated with metabolism. These results were validated using LNCaP and 22Rv1 human prostate cancer cells and Hi-Myc transgenic mice as models. The intracellular levels of acetyl-CoA, total free fatty acids and neutral lipids were decreased significantly following WA treatment in both cells, which was accompanied by downregulation of mRNA (confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) and protein levels of key fatty acid synthesis enzymes, including ATP citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, fatty acid synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A. Ectopic expression of c-Myc, but not constitutively active Akt, conferred a marked protection against WA-mediated suppression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and fatty acid synthase protein expression, and clonogenic cell survival. WA was a superior inhibitor of cell proliferation and fatty acid synthesis in comparison with known modulators of fatty acid metabolism including cerulenin and etomoxir. Intraperitoneal WA administration to Hi-Myc transgenic mice (0.1 mg/mouse, three times/week for 5 weeks) also resulted in a significant decrease in circulating levels of total free fatty acids and phospholipids, and expression of ATP citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, fatty acid synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A proteins in the prostate in vivo.

scholarly journals Zonation of hepatic lipogenic enzymes identified by dual-digitonin-pulse perfusion

1989 ◽  
Vol 259 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
J L Evans ◽  
B Quistorff ◽  
L A Witters
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Citrate Lyase

The zonal distribution within rat liver of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ATP citrate-lyase and fatty acid synthase, the principal enzymes of fatty acid synthesis, was investigated by using dual-digitonin-pulse perfusion. Analysis of enzyme mass by immunoblotting revealed that, in normally feeding male rats, the periportal/perivenous ratio of acetyl-CoA carboxylase mass was 1.9. The periportal/perivenous ratio of ATP citrate-lyase mass was 1.4, and fatty acid synthase exhibited the largest periportal/perivenous mass gradient, having a ratio of 3.1. This pattern of enzyme distribution was observed in male rats only; in females, the periportal/perivenous ratio of enzyme mass was nearly equal. The periportal/perivenous gradients for acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ATP citrate-lyase and fatty acid synthase observed in fed (and fasted) males were abolished when animals were fasted (48 h) and refed (30 h) with a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet. As determined by enzyme assay of eluates obtained from the livers of normally feeding male rats, there is also periportal zonation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, expressed either as units per mg of eluted protein or units per mg of acetyl-CoA carboxylase protein, suggesting the existence of gradients in both enzyme mass and specific activity. From these results, we conclude that the enzymes of fatty acid synthesis are zonated periportally in the liver of the normally feeding male rat.

Glucocorticoid regulation of fatty acid synthase gene expression in fetal rat lung

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (2) ◽  
pp. L140-L147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. X. Xu ◽  
W. Stenzel ◽  
S. M. Sasic ◽  
D. A. Smart ◽  
S. A. Rooney
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Fetal Lung ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Rat Lung ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Citrate Lyase

There are developmental and glucocorticoid-induced increases in the rate of fatty acid biosynthesis and in the activity of fatty acid synthase in late gestation fetal lung. We have now measured mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase and of two other enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis, ATP citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, in developing fetal and postnatal rat lung and in fetal lung explants cultured with and without dexamethasone. There was a developmental increase in the mRNA for fatty acid synthase with the maximum level being reached on fetal day 21 (term is fetal day 22). This profile was similar to that reported for de novo fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid synthase activity. There was a similar but less pronounced developmental increase in the mRNA for ATP citrate lyase and a corresponding increase in its activity. There was no developmental change in the mRNA for acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Dexamethasone increased the level of fatty acid synthase mRNA approximately threefold but had no effect on those for ATP citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The effect of dexamethasone on fatty acid synthase mRNA was rapid, biphasic, and partly inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. We conclude that glucocorticoids increase expression of the gene for fatty acid synthase in fetal lung. The effect of the hormone appears to be due to increased transcription and post-transcriptional events and is dependent on protein synthesis.

The role of phosphorylation in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis by insulin and other hormones

1983 ◽  
Vol 302 (1108) ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Citrate Lyase

Insulin stimulates fatty acid synthesis in white and brown fat cells as well as in liver and mammary tissue. Hormones that increase cellular cyclic AMP concentrations inhibit fatty acid synthesis, at least in white adipose tissue and liver. These changes in fatty acid synthesis occur within minutes. In white fat cells, they are brought about not only by changes in glucose transport but also changes in the activities of pyruvate kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The basis of the alterations in pyruvate kinase activity in fat cells is not understood. Unlike the liver isoenzyme, the isoenzyme present in fat cells does not appear to be phosphorylated either in the absence or presence of hormones. The changes in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in fat cells are undoubtedly due to changes in phosphorylation of the α subunits. Insulin appears to act by causing the parallel dephosphorylation of all three sites. The persistence of the effect of insulin during the preparation and subsequent incubation of mitochondria has allowed the demonstration that insulin acts mainly by stimulating pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase rather than inhibiting the kinase. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase within fat cells is phosphorylated on a number of different sites. The exposure of cells to insulin leads to activation of the enzyme and this is associated with increased phosphorylation of a specific site on the enzyme. Exposure to adrenalin, which results in a marked diminution in activity, also causes a small increase in the overall level of phosphorylation, but this increase is due to an enhanced phosphorylation of different sites; probably those phosphorylated by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is one of a number of proteins in fat cells that exhibit increased phosphorylation with insulin. Others include ATP-citrate lyase, the ribosomal protein S 6 , the β subunit of the insulin receptor and a heat and acid stable protein of M r 22 000. Changes in phosphorylation of ATP-citrate lyase do not appear to result in any appreciable changes in catalytic activity. A central aspect of insulin action may be the activation and perhaps release of a membrane-associated protein kinase. Plasma membranes from fat cells have been shown to contain a cyclicnucleotide-independent kinase able to phosphorylate and activate acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Furthermore, high-speed supernatant fractions from cells previously exposed to insulin contain elevated levels of the same or similar kinase activity capable of phosphorylating both ATP-citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

scholarly journals A role for ATP Citrate Lyase in cell cycle regulation during myeloid differentiation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jess Rhee ◽  
Lauren A. Solomon ◽  
Rodney P. DeKoter
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Cell Cycle Regulation ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Cycle Regulation

AbstractDifferentiation of myeloid progenitor cells into macrophages is accompanied by increased PU.1 concentration and increasing cell cycle length, culminating in cell cycle arrest. Induction of PU.1 expression in a cultured myeloid cell line expressing low PU.1 concentration results in decreased levels of mRNA encoding ATP-Citrate Lyase (ACL) and cell cycle arrest. ACL is an essential enzyme for generating acetyl-CoA, a key metabolite for the first step in fatty acid synthesis as well as for histone acetylation. We hypothesized that ACL may play a role in cell cycle regulation in the myeloid lineage. In this study, we found that acetyl-CoA or acetate supplementation was sufficient to rescue cell cycle progression in cultured BN cells treated with an ACL inhibitor or induced for PU.1 expression. Acetyl-CoA supplementation was also sufficient to rescue cell cycle progression in BN cells treated with a fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitor. We demonstrated that acetyl-CoA was utilized in both fatty acid synthesis and histone acetylation pathways to promote proliferation. Finally, we found that Acly mRNA transcript levels decrease during normal macrophage differentiation from bone marrow precursors. Our results suggest that regulation of ACL activity is a potentially important point of control for cell cycle regulation in the myeloid lineage.

Adaptation to a high protein, carbohydrate-free diet induces a marked reduction of fatty acid synthesis and lipogenic enzymes in rat adipose tissue that is rapidly reverted by a balanced diet

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 477-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M.R.C Brito ◽  
M A.F Moura ◽  
N H Kawashita ◽  
W T.L Festuccia ◽  
M A.R Garófalo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

We have previously shown that in vivo lipogenesis is markedly reduced in liver, carcass, and in 4 different depots of adipose tissue of rats adapted to a high protein, carbohydrate-free (HP) diet. In the present work, we investigate the activity of enzymes involved in lipogenesis in the epididymal adipose tissue (EPI) of rats adapted to an HP diet before and 12 h after a balanced diet was introduced. Rats fed an HP diet for 15 days showed a 60% reduction of EPI fatty acid synthesis in vivo that was accompanied by 45%–55% decreases in the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and malic enzyme. Reversion to a balanced diet for 12 h resulted in a normalization of in vivo EPI lipogenesis, and in a restoration of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity to levels that did not differ significantly from control values. The activities of ATP-citrate lyase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex increased to about 75%–86% of control values, but the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme remained unchanged 12 h after diet reversion. The data indicate that in rats, the adjustment of adipose tissue lipogenic activity is an important component of the metabolic adaptation to different nutritional conditions. Key words: lipogenesis, lipogenic enzymes, high protein diet, diet reversion.

scholarly journals Metabolic adaptations during lactogenesis. Fatty acid synthesis in rabbit mammary tissue during pregnancy and lactation

1974 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Mellenberger ◽  
D. E. Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Synthetic Capacity

1. Mammary tissue was obtained from rabbits at various stages of pregnancy and lactation and used for tissue-slice incubations (to measure the rate of fatty acid synthesis and CO2 production) and to determine relevant enzymic activities. A biphasic adaptation in fatty acid synthetic capacity during lactogenesis was noted. 2. The first lactogenic response occurred between day 15 and 24 of pregnancy. Over this period fatty acid synthesis (from acetate) increased 14-fold and the proportions of fatty acids synthesized changed to those characteristic of milk fat (77–86% as C8:0+C10:0 acids). 3. The second lactogenic response occurred post partum as indicated by increased rates of fatty acid synthesis and CO2 production (from acetate and glucose) and increased enzymic activities. 4. Major increases in enzymic activities between mid-pregnancy and lactation were noted for ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2), fatty acid synthetase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44). Smaller increases in activity occurred with glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) and NADP+–isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) and the activity of NADP+–malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.40) was negligible at all periods tested. 5. During pregnancy and lactation there was a close temporal relationship between fatty acid synthetic capacity and the activities of ATP citrate lyase (r=0.94) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (r=0.90).

Propionic Acid-Based PET Imaging of the Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway in Prostate Cancer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganghua Tang ◽  
Shaoyu Liu ◽  
Ping Hu ◽  
Hui Ma ◽  
Xianhong Xiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Pet Imaging ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway

Abstract BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the potential value of 2-[18F]fluoropropionic acid ([18F]FPA) for PET imaging of prostate cancer (PCa) and to confirm the correlation between [18F]FPA accumulation and fatty acid synthase (FASN) levels in PCa models. The results of the first [18F]FPA PET study of a PCa patient are reported.MethodsA PET imaging comparison of [18F]FDG and [18F]FPA was performed in LNCaP, PC-3 and DU145 tumors. Additionally, in vivo blocking experiments in those models were conducted with orlistat. Western blotting staining of FASN were performed in the those xenograft tumors.ResultsThe uptake of [18F]FPA in the LNCaP and PC-3 tumors was higher than that of [18F]FDG (P<0.05 and P<0.05), while [18F]FDG was significantly superior to [18F]FPA in detecting DU145 tumors (P<0.05). Grayscale scanning showed that FASN expression in the LNCaP and PC-3 tumors was 33.3% and 10.3% higher than that in the DU145 tumors, respectively. The accumulation (% ID/g) of [18F]FPA in the LNCaP , PC-3 and DU145 tumors decreased by 27.6, 40.5 and 11.7%, respectively, after treatment with orlistat. The [18F]FPA showed higher tumor/background ratios than [18F]FDG in the first PCa patient (P<0.05).ConclusionsThe [18F]FPA uptake in PCa models was positively correlated with FASN expression and could be reduced after administration of a single FASN inhibitor. In addition, the [18F]FPA is a potential broad-spectrum PET imaging agent, and the imaging effect of [18F]FPA may be superior to [18F]FDG in human PCa.

Rat-liver fatty-acid-synthesizing complex

1982 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 841-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Gillevet ◽  
K. Dakshinamurti
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
High Molecular Weight Complex ◽  
Citrate Lyase

Under conditions favoring lipogenesis, a high-molecular-weight species of acetyl-CoA carboxylase was isolated that did not co-sediment with the in vitro polymerized enzyme. Assays for ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthetase indicated that all three enzymes were associated together as a high-molecular-weight complex and that under low-lipogenic conditions the level of these enzymes decreased. Phosphorylation of the isolated complex shifted it toward a lower molecular weight.

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