ACSL4 Directs Intramuscular Adipogenesis and Fatty Acid Composition in Pigs

The intramuscular fat is a major quality trait of meat, affecting sensory attributes such as flavor and texture. Several previous GWAS studies identified Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long Chain Family Member 4 (ACSL4) gene as the candidate gene to regulate intramuscular fat content in different pig populations, but the underlying molecular function of ACSL4 in adipogenesis within pig skeletal muscle is not fully investigated. In this study, we isolated porcine endogenous intramuscular adipocyte progenitors and performed ACSL4 loss- and gain-of-function experiments during adipogenic differentiation. Our data showed that ACSL4 is a positive regulator of adipogenesis in intramuscular fat cells isolated from pigs. More interestingly, the enhanced expression of ACSL4 in pig intramuscular adipocytes could increase the cellular content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma-L eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The above results not only confirmed the function of ACSL4 in pig intramuscular adipogenesis and meat quality attributes, but also provided new clues for the improvement of the nutritional value of pork for human health.

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Impact of injectable chitosan cryogel microspherescaffolds on differentiation and proliferation of adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells into fat cells

Difficulty in the clinical practice of stem cell therapy is often experienced in achieving desired target tissue cell differentiation and migration of stem cells to other tissue compartments where they are destroyed or die. This study was performed to evaluate if mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may differentiate into desired cell types when injected after combined with an injectable cryogel scaffold and to investigate if this scaffold may help in preventing cells from passing into different tissue compartments. MSCs were obtained from fat tissue of the rabbits as autografts and nuclei and cytoplasms of these cells were labeled with BrdU and PKH26. In Group 1, only-scaffold; in Group 2, only-MSCs; and in Group 3, combined stem cell/scaffold were injected to the right malar area of the rabbits. At postoperative 3 weeks, volumes of the injected areas were calculated by computer-tomography scans and histopathological evaluation was performed. The increase in the volume of the right malar areas was more in Group 3. In histopathological evaluation, chitosan cryogel microspheres were observed microscopically within the tissue and the scaffold was only partially degraded. Normal tissue form was seen in Group 2. Cells differentiated morphologically into fat cells were detected in Groups 2 and 3. Injectable chitosan cryogel microspheres were used in vivo for the first time in this study. As it was demonstrated to be useful in carrying MSCs to the reconstructed area, help cell differentiation to desired cells and prevent migration to other tissue compartments, it may be used for reconstructive purposes in the future.

First person – Yixing Wu and Ying Bai

ABSTRACT First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Biology Open, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Yixing Wu and Ying Bai are co-first authors on ‘ Palmitoylated small GTPase ARL15 is translocated within Golgi network during adipogenesis’, published in BiO. Yixing is a research fellow in the lab of Frances Wiseman at UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK, investigating Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease-related endo-lysosomal pathways and cathepsin deficits. Ying is a postdoc in the lab of Roger D. Cox at MRC Harwell Institute, Didcot, UK, investigating how fat cells are formed, and genes that are involved in regulating body fat distribution.

Fatquant: An automated image analysis tool for identification of fat cells in heterogeneous hematoxylin and eosin tissue sections.

Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) is one of the common histological staining techniques that provides information on the tissue cytoarchitecture. Adipose (fat) cells accumulation in pancreas has been shown to impact beta cell survival and its endocrine function. The current automated tools available for fat analysis are suited for white adipose tissue which is homogeneous and easier to segment unlike heterogeneous tissues such as pancreas where fat cells continue to play critical physiopathological functions. In the current study, we present an automated fat analysis tool, Fatquant, where mathematical formula to calculate diagonal of a square drawn inside circle is utilized for identification and analysis of fat cells in heterogeneous H and E tissue sections. Using histological images of pancreas from a publicly available database, we show an area accuracy overlap of 89-93% between manual versus automated algorithm based fat cell detection.

Nevus Lipomatosus Cutaneous Superficialis with a Histopathological Appearance Resembling Sclerotic Fibroma: A Rare Case Report

Background: Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis (NLCS) of Hoffmann–Zurhelle is a benign idiopathic hamartoma. There are two types of NLCS, multiple and solitary. They are found in the abdomen, lower back, buttocks, hips, upper posterior thighs, and pelvis. The diagnosis can be evaluated with a typical histopathological of mature fat cells in the dermis, with 10%–50% of the dermis. Case Report: We reported a case of NLCS with clinical papules and multiple nodules on the buttocks since the age of 6 years with a history of lipoma removal. The dermoscopic examination was conducted to confirm the diagnosis. The histopathological examination showed a dominant sclerotic fibroma with two sessions of biopsy and a few mature fats on the dermis after deeper cuts paraffin block. Cryotherapy with an open spray method is treatment of choice in this patient. Discussion: The appearance of the dermis in NLCS can be normal or an increase in collagen. Interestingly, collagen has sclerosis partially and resembles sclerotic fibroma never been reported. NLCS increases the amount of collagen; however, collagen as sclerosis remains obscure. The features of NLCS histopathological with other morphological abnormalities in the dermis have been reported, such as NLCS with perifollicular fibroma (PF) features. The sclerotic fibroma features are other morphological abnormalities in NLCS, as reported in the PF.

Comparing the Osteogenic Potential and Bone Regeneration Capacities of Dedifferentiated Fat Cells and Adipose-Derived Stem Cells In Vitro and In Vivo: Application of DFAT Cells Isolated by a Mesh Method

Background: We investigated and compared the osteogenic potential and bone regeneration capacities of dedifferentiated fat cells (DFAT cells) and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). Method: We isolated DFAT cells and ASCs from GFP mice. DFAT cells were established by a new culture method using a mesh culture instead of a ceiling culture. The isolated DFAT cells and ASCs were incubated in osteogenic medium, then alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays, and RT-PCR (for RUNX2, osteopontin, DLX5, osterix, and osteocalcin) were performed to evaluate the osteoblastic differentiation ability of both cell types in vitro. In vivo, the DFAT cells and ASCs were incubated in osteogenic medium for four weeks and seeded on collagen composite scaffolds, then implanted subcutaneously into the backs of mice. We then performed hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunostaining for GFP and osteocalcin. Results: The alizarin red-stained areas in DFAT cells showed weak calcification ability at two weeks, but high calcification ability at three weeks, similar to ASCs. The ALP levels of ASCs increased earlier than in DFAT cells and showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) at 6 and 9 days. The ALP levels of DFATs were higher than those of ASCs after 12 days. The expression levels of osteoblast marker genes (osterix and osteocalcin) of DFAT cells and ASCs were higher after osteogenic differentiation culture. Conclusion: DFAT cells are easily isolated from a small amount of adipose tissue and are readily expanded with high purity; thus, DFAT cells are applicable to many tissue-engineering strategies and cell-based therapies.