Background
Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTF) was developed to provide rapid analgesia and is specifically approved for treating breakthrough cancer pain. Fentanyl in OTF is absorbed across the oral mucosa, but a considerable portion is swallowed and absorbed enterally. Fentanyl metabolism is catalyzed by cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A). The role of intestinal or hepatic first-pass metabolism and CYP3A activity in OTF disposition is unknown. This investigation examined the influence of hepatic and intestinal CYP3A activity on the disposition and clinical effects of OTF.
Methods
Healthy volunteers (n = 12) were studied in an Institutional Review Board-approved, randomized, balanced, four-way crossover. They received OTF (10 microg/kg) after hepatic/intestinal CYP3A induction by rifampin, hepatic/intestinal CYP3A inhibition by troleandomycin, selective intestinal CYP3A inhibition by grapefruit juice, or nothing (control). Plasma fentanyl and norfentanyl concentrations were determined by mass spectrometry. Fentanyl effects were measured by dark-adapted pupil diameter and subjective self-assessments using visual analog scales.
Results
: Peak plasma fentanyl concentrations, time to peak, and maximum pupil diameter change from baseline were unchanged after rifampin, troleandomycin, and grapefruit juice. Fentanyl elimination, however, was significantly affected by CYP3A alterations. After control, rifampin, troleandomycin and grapefruit juice, respectively, area under the curve of plasma fentanyl versus time was 5.9 +/- 3.7, 2.2 +/- 0.8,* 10.4 +/- 8.9,* and 5.8 +/- 3.3 h x ng/ml; norfentanyl/fentanyl plasma area under the curve ratios were 0.92 +/- 0.63, 3.2 +/- 1.8,* 0.08 +/- 0.14,* and 0.67 +/- 0.33 (*P < 0.05 versus control).
Discussion
Peak fentanyl concentrations and clinical effects after OTF were minimally affected by altering both intestinal and hepatic CYP3A activity, whereas fentanyl metabolism, elimination, and duration of effects were significantly affected; selective intestinal CYP3A inhibition had minimal effects. This suggests that first-pass metabolism minimally influences OTF bioavailability. When treating breakthrough pain, with careful attention to maximal mucosal absorption and minimal swallowing, CYP3A variability and drug interactions are unlikely to affect the onset or magnitude of OTF analgesia; however, duration may be affected.
Grapefruit juice intake does not enhance but rather protects against aflatoxin B1-induced liver DNA damage through a reduction in hepatic CYP3A activity
