Effect of Lycopene on Histological Alterations of Basement Membrane & Fibrosis in Renal Interstitial Tissue of Celebrex Induced Albino Rats; An Experimental Study

Objective: To assess the histological alterations in basement membrane and fibrosis in renal interstitium of albino rats due to celebrex with enhancement by lycopene. Study Design: Experimental study. Abode of Study: Animal House of Jinnah Postgraduate institute, Karachi, Materials and Methods: COX-2 inhibitor and antioxidant medicines were used in this research work. These medications were orally administered in 40 male albino rats weighing 200-220gm for experimentation. Rats were housed in separate pens at 23ºC. Rats were arranged into 4 groups including control horde and three experimental hordes. The medications were dose up orally by gastric tube daily for one month. At completion of experiment, animals were dissected and tissues were well-preserved for staining. Results: In second horde PAS stained kidney segments showed disrupted basement membrane of distended proximal convoluted tubules & ill-defined brush border and fibrosis in renal interstitium, but 3rd horde had intact basement membrane & well-define brush border at the luminal surface of proximal tubular epithelium and there was mild fibrosis in renal interstitium. Conclusion: This study divulges that lycopene convalesce the disrupted basement membrane and fibrosis in second horde.

Histological alterations in Rabbit liver after treatment with dexamethasone

Background One of the most potent glucocorticoids is known as Dexamethasone. Many metabolic side effect shave been reported on almost every organ after dexamethasone treatment specially its effect on liver. Aim: To investigate harmful side effects of dexamethasone sodium phosphate on rabbit’s liver that serve as human liver model via using light microscope, by administration of two doses (extreme) and two durations in order to depict the duration as well as dosage dependency. Methods: Liver samples were taken via rabbits who were administered dexamethasone sodium phosphate. Then two Stratas were made namely, 1 and 2. The fixations of liver samples were carried out and underwent into evaluation in order to observe any histochemical and histological alterations. Study duration is from February to May 2021 Rabbits were brought from Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore. These Rabbits were kept in cages in the animal house of PGMI, Bird wood road Lahore. Results: The ballooning and vacuolation of hepatic cells were seen in the liver in case of Stratas that were treated along with the degenerative alterations of these cells, congestion and dilatation of central hepatic vein with sinusoidal capillaries, positive periodic acid schiff's stain (PAS) reactions. The severity of all these alterations was dependent upon duration and dosage. Conclusion: Morphological variations induced in the liver by dexamethasone sodium phosphate could be accepted as side effects of these drugs. Keywords: Liver, dexamethasone, histology, glycogen.

Polystyrene Microplastics Exposure: An Insight into Multiple Organ Histological Alterations, Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity in Javanese Medaka Fish (Oryzias javanicus Bleeker, 1854)

Microplastics (MPs) have become pollutants of concern due to their unknown human health effect and negative impact on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. There is increasing number of experimental research on MPs globally with its effects not fully understood; recent animal studies explore its effects on the intestines, yet on other vital organs. Javanese medaka fish was exposed to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) beads for a period of 21 days. Histological alterations, intestinal oxidative stress, permeability and neurotoxicity were evaluated. Significant inflammatory changes and tissue damage were observed in the intestine, liver and kidney. Intestinal oxidative stress and permeability were found to be significantly increased. In the brain, neurotoxicity characterised by a significant induction of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme were elucidated. This study provided an insight into the multiple organ effect of microplastics exposure, necessitating further exploration and identification of biomarkers to be utilised for biomonitoring population at risk in the future.

Cytogenetic and testicular histological alterations induced by sulphur dioxide in dried apricot leather

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is used as a preservative in food to prevent its discolouration, and to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Little data is available concerning its in vivo hazardous impact.The present study is therefore designed to examine the cyto-genotoxic potential and the testicular histological alterations in adult mice, induced by SO2 present in the dried apricot leather used to prepare the oriental drink Qamar Al-Deen. Two different forms of drinks were tested; cold and boiled drinks. Animals were placed into 4 groups. The first group received distilled water as a negative control.The second and third groups received orally the drink for 28 days in the form of a cold and a boiled drink, respectively. Animals of the fourth group received cyclophosphamide, they were used as a positive control for cyto-genotoxic tests. The chromosomal aberrations, as well as sperm abnormalities, were significantly elevated in animals that received the two different drink preparations. The mitotic index significantly decreased in comparison with negative and positive controls. Furthermore, histological examination showed different degrees of alterations in the testis. Our results suggest that the presence of SO2 inside the apricot leather might be responsible for these changes. Thus, these remarkable hazardous effects of SO2 on male albino mice could be used as a potential guide for the prediction of its human health impact. Furthermore, consumers could be advised to prevent excessive consumption of the drink (Qamar Al-Deen) prepared from dried apricot leather.

Neuroprotective Effect of Fisetin Through Suppression of IL-1R/TLR Axis and Apoptosis in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling in Mice

Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder, characterized by frequent electrical activity in brain regions. Inflammation and apoptosis cascade activation are serious neurological sequelae during seizures. Fisetin (3, 3′,4′,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), a flavonoid molecule, is considered for its effective anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of fisetin on experimental epilepsy. For acute studies, increasing current electroshock (ICES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure tests were performed to evaluate the antiseizure activity of fisetin. For the chronic study, the kindling model was established by the administration of PTZ in subconvulsive dose (25 mg/kg, i.p.). Mice were treated with fisetin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) to study its probable antiseizure mechanism. The kindled mice were evaluated for seizure scores. Their hippocampus and cortex were assessed for neuronal damage, inflammation, and apoptosis. Histological alterations were observed in the hippocampus of the experimental mice. Levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), interleukin-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were assessed in the hippocampus and cortex by ELISA. The immunoreactivity and mRNA expressions of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cytochrome C, and caspase-3 were quantified by immunohistochemical analysis and real-time PCR. Phosphorylation ELISA was performed to evaluate AkT/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) activation in the hippocampus and cortex of the kindled mice. The results showed that fisetin administration increased the seizure threshold current (STC) in the ICES test. In PTZ-induced seizures, fisetin administration increased the latency for myoclonic jerks (MJs) and generalized seizures (GSs). In the PTZ-induced kindling model, fisetin administration dose-dependently suppressed the development of kindling and the associated neuronal damage in the experimental mice. Further, fisetin administration ameliorated kindling-induced neuroinflammation as evident from decreased levels of HMGB1, TLR-4, IL-1R1, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampus and cortex of the kindled mice. Also, the immunoreactivity and mRNA expressions of inflammatory molecules, NF-κB, and COX-2 were decreased with fisetin administration in the kindled animals. Decreased phosphorylation of the AkT/mTOR pathway was reported with fisetin administration in the hippocampus and cortex of the kindled mice. The immunoreactivity and mRNA expressions of apoptotic molecules, cytochrome C, and caspase-3 were attenuated upon fisetin administration. The findings suggest that fisetin shows a neuroprotective effect by suppressing the release of inflammatory and apoptosis molecules and attenuating histological alterations during experimental epilepsy.