scholarly journals Breastfeeding Perspectives: Reactions to Breastfeeding Imagery and Social Norms

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 813-813
Author(s):  
Jennifer Schindler-Ruwisch
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
Asian Women ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Breastfeeding In Public ◽  
Feeding Choice ◽  
Ethnic Biases ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Objectives Normative behaviors surrounding breastfeeding in public and the community can influence breastfeeding behaviors and inhibit sustained breastfeeding. The goal of this research is to better understand how a diverse group of women perceive images of racially/ethnically similar and different women breastfeeding. The aim is to uncover biases that may impede breastfeeding goals and promotion. Methods An online mixed-methods survey was completed by a sample of 144 mothers with children 2 years of age or younger. The survey included images of women of varying racial/ethnic groups breastfeeding in various settings. Respondents generated word associations for the images and indicated the appropriateness and ease of breastfeeding for each image. Responses were timed to ascertain cognitive dissonance. Supplemental questions examined descriptive, injunctive and group norms, in line with the Theory of Normative Social Behavior. Results A sample that included 42% non-White individuals and 31% Hispanic/Latino individuals, 73% of whom breastfed their most recent child, responded to the survey. On average, respondents took longer to respond to questions about the appropriateness of images of Black and Hispanic women breastfeeding than images of White or Asian women, even though their responses of appropriateness were roughly equal, demonstrating cognitive dissonance in norms and perceptions. Further, with direct comparisons, women were twice as likely to say breastfeeding was easier for an image of a White mother breastfeeding than an image of a Black or Hispanic mother breastfeeding, regardless of respondent racial/ethnic identity. Finally, differences in image appropriateness differed most significantly by the setting (i.e., public vs. private). Conclusions Women are influenced by racial/ethnic biases about breastfeeding ease and appropriateness as well as norms surrounding behaviors of breastfeeding in public settings or in front of others. Future work is needed to dismantle these biases that may influence breastfeeding behaviors and inequitably impact the feeding choice and health of mothers and infants. Funding Sources This research was funded by an internal research grant from Fairfield University.

scholarly journals Body mass index bias in defining obesity of diverse young adults: the Training Intervention and Genetics of Exercise Response (TIGER) Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 1084-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Jackson ◽  
Kenneth J. Ellis ◽  
Brian K. McFarlin ◽  
Mary H. Sailors ◽  
Molly S. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Asian Indian ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Asian Women ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Cut Scores ◽  
Ethnic Bias ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Indian Men ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The BMI cut-score used to define overweight and obesity was derived primarily using data from Caucasian men and women. The present study evaluated the racial/ethnic bias of BMI to estimate the adiposity of young men and women (aged 17–35 years) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) determination of percentage body fat (DXA-BF%) as the referent standard. The samples were 806 women and 509 men who were tested from one to three times over 9 months providing 1300 observations for women and 820 observations for men. Linear mixed models (LMM) regression showed that with age and BMI controlled, DXA-BF% of African-American (AA) men and women, Asian-Indian men and women, Hispanic women and Asian women significantly differed from non-Hispanic white (NHW) men and women. For the same BMI of NHW women, the DXA-BF% of AA women was 1·76 % lower, but higher for Hispanic (1·65 %), Asian (2·65 %) and Asian-Indian (5·98 %) women. For the same BMI of NHW men, DXA-BF% of AA men was 4·59 % lower and 4·29 % higher for Asian-Indian men. Using the recommended BMI cut-scores to define overweight and obesity systematically overestimated overweight and obesity prevalence for AA men and women, and underestimated prevalence for Asian-Indian men and women, Asian women and Hispanic women. The present study extends the generalisability of research documenting the racial/ethnic bias of the universal overweight and obesity BMI cut-scores.

921 How do birth outcomes in black hispanic women compare to other racial/ethnic groups?

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. S572
Author(s):  
Alison N. Goulding ◽  
Matthew A. Shanahan ◽  
Kjersti M. Aagaard
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
Racial Ethnic

scholarly journals Does Consumption of Nitrate Containing Beetroot Juice Affect Indoor Rowing Performance in Males and Females?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1754-1754
Author(s):  
Giselle Greisman ◽  
June Kloubec ◽  
Alexandra Kazaks ◽  
Kelly Morrow ◽  
Cristen Harris
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Beverage Type ◽  
Rowing Performance ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Objectives The nitrates found in beetroot juice (BR) are known to be a precursor of nitric oxide (NO). NO is a known vasodilator which allows more oxygen to travel in the blood and may improve muscle efficiency. This study aims to measure the effect of BR supplementation on performance on 500-meter row time for trained CrossFit athletes. Many past studies have analyzed the effect of BR on male athletes, this study aimed to include both males and females. Methods This study used a randomized, cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled design to measure 500-meter row time. Thirty athletes age 18–60 consumed either a 2.7 oz shot of BR (6.5 mmol nitrate) or a placebo nitrate-free beetroot juice (PL). Two hours later, they rowed 500 meters. After at least a seven-day washout period, athletes repeated the 500-meter row with either BR or PL for comparison. This study was performed from July 2019 – January 2020 and was conducted in Mercer Island, Washington. Results Ten males age 18.0 to 60.3 (median 47.7) and twenty females age 26.7 to 58.3 (median 43.8), participated in this study. Row times for the 500-meter row ranged from 88.2 seconds to 150.7 seconds. Data indicate that although 60% of all participants rowed faster with BR (mean 112.83 seconds), compared to PL (mean 113.40 seconds), the difference in the means of row times (−0.563) was not significant overall (P = 0.29). However, for the 10 males, row times were significantly faster (1.02 second difference, P = 0.04) on average with BR compared to PL. For the 20 females, the difference in mean row time (−0.335 seconds) was not significant (P = 0.66). Competitive rowers were defined as those who rowed under 110 seconds (N = 15). For competitive rowers (10 males, 5 females), row times were significantly faster with BR compared to PL (difference in means −0.94, P = 0.009). However, for those rowers, the P-value of drink * group was 0.015. Conclusions Dietary nitrate improved indoor rowing performance in males but not in females. In addition, competitive rowers were also significantly faster with BR, however, there may be an order bias, since there was significant interaction between beverage type and testing order. Food based nitrate supplements may increase rowing performance with male rowers. Funding Sources Supported by Bastyr Faculty Student Research Grant.

scholarly journals Visualizing 20 Years of Racial-Ethnic Variation in Women’s Ages at Sexual Initiation and Family Formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 237802312094404
Author(s):  
Paul Hemez ◽  
Karen Benjamin Guzzo ◽  
Wendy D. Manning ◽  
Susan L. Brown ◽  
Krista K. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Family Formation ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Ethnic Variation ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
First Sex ◽  
Family Growth ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Hispanic White

This data visualization uses several cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth to compare trends in median ages at first sex, birth, cohabitation, and marriage between 1995 and 2015 across non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, native-born Hispanic, and foreign-born Hispanic women aged 40 to 44 years. Generally, women’s ages at first sex declined, ages at first cohabitation remained stable, and ages at marriage and birth increased. However, there were substantial race-ethnicity-nativity differences in the timing and sequencing of women’s reproductive and family experiences, and these differences grew over time. These descriptive findings point to the importance of identifying the larger social forces that contribute to differential experiences while underscoring the fundamental problems inherent with defining whites’ reproductive and family behaviors as “normal.”

scholarly journals Next generation pathways into biomedical informatics: lessons from 10 years of the Vanderbilt Biomedical Informatics Summer Internship Program

JAMIA Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-187
Author(s):  
Kim M Unertl ◽  
Braden Y Yang ◽  
Rischelle Jenkins ◽  
Claudia McCarn ◽  
Courtney Rabb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Informatics ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Educational Outreach ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Research Experiences ◽  
Educational Trajectories ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Educational Framework ◽  
Internship Programs ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Objectives To examine roles for summer internship programs in expanding pathways into biomedical informatics, based on 10 years of the Vanderbilt Department of Biomedical Informatics (DBMI) Summer Research Internship Program. Materials and Methods Vanderbilt DBMI’s internship program is a research-intensive paid 8–10 week program for high school, undergraduate, and graduate students. The program is grounded in a “Windows, Mirrors, and Open Doors” educational framework, and is guided by an evolving set of design principles, including providing meaningful research experiences, applying a multi-factor approach to diversity, and helping interns build peer connections. Results Over 10 years, 90 individuals have participated in the internship program, with nine students participating for more than one summer. Of 90 participants, 38 were women and 52 were men. Participants represented a range of racial/ethnic groups. A total of 39 faculty members have served as primary mentor for one or more interns. Five key lessons emerged from our program experience: Festina Lente (“Make haste slowly”), The Power of Community, Learning by Doing, Thoughtful Partnerships Lead to Innovation, and The Whole is More Than the Sum of Its Parts. Discussion Based on our experience, we suggest that internship programs should become a core element of the biomedical informatics educational ecosystem. Continued development and growth of this important educational outreach approach requires stable funding sources and building connections between programs to share best practices. Conclusion Internship programs can play a substantial role in the biomedical informatics educational ecosystem, helping introduce individuals to the field earlier in their educational trajectories.

Characterizing participants in the North Carolina Breast and Cervical Cancer Control Program (NC BCCCP): A review of 90,000 women.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (29_suppl) ◽  
pp. 101-101
Author(s):  
Sarah D Tait ◽  
Yi Ren ◽  
Cushanta C. Horton ◽  
Sachiko M. Oshima ◽  
Samantha M. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Breast Cancer Screening ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Breast Pathology ◽  
National Quality ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

101 Background: Overall breast cancer mortality in the US has declined since 1990, but racial/ethnic disparities have worsened. Since 1992, NC BCCCP has provided free/low-cost breast cancer screening to underserved women as part of a national effort by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to mitigate these disparities. We sought to characterize and evaluate benchmarks for this previously unstudied, state-level cohort. Methods: We identified women ≥18y who underwent their first breast cancer screening via NC BCCCP from 2009-2018. Univariate analysis was used to compare differences in timeline of care and rates of breast pathology (i.e., cancer or atypia) by race/ethnicity and age. Logistic and negative binomial regression were used to identify factors associated with cancer diagnosis and time from enrollment to diagnosis (TTD) and treatment (TTT), respectively. Results: 88,893 women with complete records were identified (median age 50y, IQR 44-56): 45.5% were Non-Hispanic (NH) white, 30.9% NH black, 19.5% Hispanic, 1.7% American Indian (AI), and 1.1% Asian. Overall participation peaked in 2012 but steadily increased among Hispanic women over time (p < 0.001). Breast pathology was diagnosed in 2,016 (2.3%) women, with rates ranging from 1% in Hispanic women to 2.7% in NH whites. After adjustment, Hispanic women were least likely (vs NH white women: OR 0.40; 95% CI 0.34-0.47) to be diagnosed with breast cancer. Median TTD was 19d and TTT was 33d, both within the CDC’s 60d standard. In univariate analyses, women < 50 had shorter TTD (median 18d vs 21d) and TTT (median 30d vs 35d) vs women ≥50 (both p < 0.01), and there were no significant differences by race/ethnicity or between women with atypia vs cancer. In multivariate models, however, older age and NH black race were associated with longer TTD and TTT. Conclusions: NC BCCCP meets national quality benchmarks for TTD and TTT. These data also highlight broader opportunities to achieve racial/ethnic parity and improve equity for breast cancer prevention. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals The psychophysiological correlates of cognitive dissonance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Gavin W. Ploger ◽  
Johnanna Dunaway ◽  
Patrick Fournier ◽  
Stuart Soroka
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Physiological Approach ◽  
Psychophysiological Correlates ◽  
Dissonance Theory ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Dissonance Reduction

Abstract This preregistered study uses a combination of physiological measures to explore both the activation and reduction components of cognitive dissonance theory. More precisely, we use skin conductance to identify dissonance arousal, a short-term affective response to counter-attitudinal stimuli, and then use heart rate variability to measure dissonance reduction, which reflects longer-term patterns of emotional regulation and information processing. Our preliminary tests find weak evidence of dissonance arousal and no evidence of dissonance reduction using this physiological approach. We consequently reconsider (albeit optimistically) the use of physiology in future work on cognitive dissonance. We also discuss the implications of our findings for selective exposure and motivated reasoning.

Who is a typical woman? How race biases representations of gender across development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Leshin ◽  
Ryan Lei ◽  
Magnolia Red Byrne ◽  
Marjorie Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
Asian Women ◽  
Gender Representations ◽  
Multiple Classification ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Hispanic White

From early in development, race biases how children think about gender—often in a manner that treats Black women as less typical and representative of women in general than White or Asian women. The present study (N = 89, ages 7-11; predominately Hispanic, White, and multi-racial) examined the generalizability of this phenomenon across children and the mechanisms underlying variability in its development. Replicating prior work, children were slower and less accurate to categorize the gender of Black women compared to Asian or White women, as well as compared to Black men, suggesting that children perceived Black women as less representative of their gender. These effects were robust across demographic variation within the sample (e.g., across age and participant racial-ethnic background). Children’s tendencies to view their own identities as expansive and flexible, however, attenuated these effects: Children with more flexible identities also had gender concepts that were more inclusive of Black women. In contrast, the tendency for race to bias children’s gender representations was unrelated to children’s multiple classification skill and negatively related to children’s racial essentialism. These findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying variation in how race biases gender across development, with critical implications for the development of intergroup cognition and behavior.

Fitting In

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Himanee Gupta-Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Asian Women ◽  
South Asian Women ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Auto Ethnography ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fitting In ◽  
Racial Ethnic

This chapter describes the experiences of four South Asian women who grew up in Muncie, Indiana, in the 1960s and 1970s, and of the author’s relationship with them. It situates their experiences within the scholarship on race and ethnicity. Through auto-ethnography, it analyzes how a marking of foreign-ness upon the individual women’s bodies created a consciousness that served at varying times as a source of pride, of shame, protection, and/or confusion. It proposes re-imagining the American landscape as not browner and less Christian than in the past but rather as a space where racial, ethnic, and religious differences were always already embedded.

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