Optimizing determination of plasma albumin by the bromcresol green dye-binding method.

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
W S Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Optimal Reaction ◽  
Bromcresol Green

Abstract Some modifications of the conditions of the reaction between plasma and bromcresol green have led to an improved method for determination of plasma albumin with the Vickers M300 multichannel analyzer. Dye concentration and reaction time are the factors principally influencing method specificity, but variable protein composition of human plasma also affects it, so that optimal reaction conditions vary from specimen to specimen. Thus a compromise must be reached such that the best conditions for determining plasma albumin over a range of different protein concentrations are achieved. In the proposed method for the Vickers M300 a reaction time of 12 s (the minimum possible) is used. Comparison with "rocket" immunoelectrophoresis gave the following linear regression: y = 10 + 0.79 x (n = 91; r = 0.96).

scholarly journals Software-guided microscale flow calorimeter for efficient acquisition of thermokinetic data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Aljoscha Frede ◽  
Marlene Dietz ◽  
Norbert Kockmann
Keyword(s):  
Design Of Experiments ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Flow Calorimeter ◽  
Microscale Flow ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Important Time ◽  
Optimal Reaction

AbstractFast chemical process development is inevitably linked to an optimized determination of thermokinetic data of chemical reactions. A miniaturized flow calorimeter enables increased sensitivity when examining small amounts of reactants in a short time compared to traditional batch equipment. Therefore, a methodology to determine optimal reaction conditions for calorimetric measurement experiments was developed and is presented in this contribution. Within the methodology, short-cut calculations are supplemented by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for a better representation of the hydrodynamics within the microreactor. This approach leads to the effective design of experiments. Unfavourable experimental conditions for kinetics experiments are determined in advance and therefore, need not to be considered during design of experiments. The methodology is tested for an instantaneous acid-base reaction. Good agreement of simulations was obtained with experimental data. Thus, the prediction of the hydrodynamics is enabled and the first steps towards a digital twin of the calorimeter are performed. The flow rates proposed by the methodology are tested for the determination of reaction enthalpy and showed that reasonable experimental settings resulted. Graphical abstract A methodology is suggested to evaluate optimal reaction conditions for efficientacquisition of kinetic data. The experimental design space is limited by thestepwise determination of important time scales based on specified input data.

scholarly journals Synthesis of propylene carbonate from urea and 1,2-propylene glycol over metal carbonates

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiancheng Zhou ◽  
Wu Dongfang ◽  
Birong Zhang ◽  
Yali Guo
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Propylene Carbonate ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Lead Carbonate ◽  
Synthetic Process ◽  
Metal Carbonates ◽  
Optimal Reaction ◽  
Mixed Carbonate

A series of single-metal carbonates and Pb-Zn mixed-metal carbonates were prepared as catalysts for alcoholysis of urea with 1,2-propylene glycol (PG) for the synthesis of propylene carbonate (PC). The mixed carbonates all show much better catalytic activities than the single carbonates, arising from a strong synergistic effect between the two crystalline phases, hydrozincite and lead carbonate. The mixed carbonate with Pb/Zn=1:2 gives the highest yield of PC, followed by the mixed carbonate with Pb/Zn=1:3. Furthermore, Taguchi method was used to optimize the synthetic process for improving the yield of PC. It is shown that the reaction temperature is the most significant factor affecting the yield of PC, followed by the reaction time, and that the optimal reaction conditions are the reaction time at 5 hours, the reaction temperature at 180 oC and the catalyst amount at 1.8 wt%, resulting in the highest PC yield of 96.3%.

Synthesis of a Ruthenium Complex Based on 2,6-Bis[1-(Pyridin-2-yl)-1H-Benzo[d]Imidazol-2-yl]Pyridine and Catalytic Oxidation of (1H-Benzo[d]-Imidazol-2-yl)Methanol to 1H-Benzo[d]Imidazole-2-Carbaldehyde with H2O2

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-92
Author(s):  
Shenggui Liu ◽  
Rongkai Pan ◽  
Wenyi Su ◽  
Guobi Li ◽  
Chunlin Ni
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Catalytic Oxidation ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Ruthenium Complex ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Optimal Reaction

2,6-Bis[1-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine (bpbp), which has been synthesised by intramolecular thermocyclisation of N2,N6-bis[2-(pyridin-2-ylamino)phenyl]pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide, reacts with sodium pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate (pydic) and RuCl3 to give [Ru(bpbp)(pydic)] which can catalyse the oxidation of (1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methanol to 1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-carbaldehyde by H2O2. The optimal reaction conditions were: molar ratios of catalyst to substrate to H2O2 set at 1: 1000: 3000; reaction temperature 50 °C; reaction time 5 h. The yield of (1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) methanol was 70%.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from a Novel Nonedible Feedstock, Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Seed Oil

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Hung Su ◽  
Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Uyen Pham ◽  
My Nguyen ◽  
Horng-Yi Juan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Feedstock ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
American Society ◽  
Optimal Reaction

This study investigated the optimal reaction conditions for biodiesel production from soursop (Annona muricata) seeds. A high oil yield of 29.6% (w/w) could be obtained from soursop seeds. Oil extracted from soursop seeds was then converted into biodiesel through two-step transesterification process. A highest biodiesel yield of 97.02% was achieved under optimal acid-catalyzed esterification conditions (temperature: 65 °C, 1% H2SO4, reaction time: 90 min, and a methanol:oil molar ratio: 10:1) and optimal alkali-catalyzed transesterification conditions (temperature: 65 °C, reaction time: 30 min, 0.6% NaOH, and a methanol:oil molar ratio: 8:1). The properties of soursop biodiesel were determined and most were found to meet the European standard EN 14214 and American Society for Testing and Materials standard D6751. This study suggests that soursop seed oil is a promising biodiesel feedstock and that soursop biodiesel is a viable alternative to petrodiesel.

Study on Catalytic Performance of Supported HPW/C Catalyst for Diethyl Adipate Synthesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 1371-1374
Author(s):  
Ke Nian Wei ◽  
Bin Zhou ◽  
Jiang Quan Ma ◽  
Yan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Physical Chemistry ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Adipic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
Reaction Performance ◽  
Optimal Reaction

HPW/C catalysts were prepared using impregnation method. The physical chemistry properties of the catalysts were characterized employing XRD and NH3-TPD.The effects of HPW loading, catalyst amount and reaction time on the catalyst performances were investigated. The results more acid content and active center contribute to the reaction performance. Under the optimal reaction conditions of 0.8g 29%(w) HPW/C as the catalyst, n(adipic acid): n(ethanol):n(toluene)=1:6:1,5h,the etherification rate was 97.3%.

An improved method for the determination of fluticasone propionate in human plasma

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Laugher ◽  
Terry G Noctor ◽  
Andrew Barrow ◽  
Janet M Oxford ◽  
Trevor Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Fluticasone Propionate ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Improved Method

Binding of calcium by human plasma proteins under simulated physiologic conditions

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene R. Held ◽  
Smith Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Total Calcium ◽  
Total Protein Concentration ◽  
Plasma Albumin

The binding of calcium to human plasma albumin, alpha, beta, and gamma globulins was studied with the aid of an ultracentrifuge. The amount of calcium bound to these separated proteins was determined in solutions with electrolyte concentrations and pH within physiological ranges. The total calcium concentration was 2.35–2.90 mm/liter H2O and the total protein concentration was 3.91–4.29 g/100 ml H2O. In these solutions no significant differences were found for the binding of calcium (expressed as mm Ca++ bound per gram protein) by albumin, alpha, and beta globulins; the average values obtained were, respectively, 0.016, 0.018, and 0.023. Significantly less calcium was bound by gamma globulin; 0.009 mm/gram. The pH was varied between 7.200–7.550 and the sodium chloride concentration between 114–157 mEq Na per liter. These changes did not measurably affect the amount of calcium bound to albumin. protein-bound calcium; ultracentrifugation and determination of protein-bound calcium; plasma globulin-bound calcium; plasma albumin-bound calcium Submitted on July 2, 1963

Automated Immunochemical Method for Determination of Urinary Protein of Plasma Origin

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1465-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M Killingsworth ◽  
Carol E Britain ◽  
Linda L Woodard
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Urinary Proteins ◽  
Immunochemical Method ◽  
Antigen Antibody

Abstract An automated continuous-flow procedure has been developed for the rapid determination of urinary proteins of plasma origin. Antiserum to whole human plasma was used as the reagent, and the antigen—antibody reactions were quantitated by nephelometry. By adding polyethylene glycol (mol wt 6000-7500) to the reaction medium, reaction time was decreased to <3 min; no sample blanks were required; and samples were analyzed at a rate of 70 per hour. Recovery studies yielded an average of 98.5% of the added protein. In-run replicate precision (CV) of the method was 1.45%; day-to-day precision was 2.58%.

Faster determination of clottable fibrinogen in human plasma: an improved method and kinetic study.

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Inada ◽  
H Okamoto ◽  
S Kanai ◽  
Y Tamaura
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Fibrinogen Concentration ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Km Value

Abstract Clottable fibrinogen in human plasma was determined by measuring spectrophotometrically the increase in turbidity with time due to the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion with thrombin. From the maximal absorbance, Amax, at 450 nm obtained 2 min or less after thrombin as added to plasma, we estimated the fibrinogen concentration in plasma of normal subjects and patients. Analysis of the rate of the absorbance increase yielded the Km value, 1.6 X 10(-5) mol/liter, which closely agrees with the Km of 1.2 X 10(-5) mol/liter obtained by analysis of the fibrinopeptides released from fibrinogen.

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