Passive hemagglutination inhibition test for diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite envenomation

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2104-2107 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Barrett ◽  
M Romine-Jenkins ◽  
K E Blick
Keyword(s):  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Passive Hemagglutination ◽  
Treatment Trials ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽  
Argiope Trifasciata ◽  
Spider Bite ◽  
Phidippus Audax ◽  
Loxosceles Reclusa

Abstract Our goal was to recreate a passive hemagglutination inhibition (PHAI) test to diagnose brown recluse spider (BRS; Loxosceles reclusa) bite envenomation for treatment trials. Guinea pigs received intradermal injections of concentrated spider venom from the following species: Loxosceles reclusa, Argiope aurantia, Argiope trifasciata, Phidippus audax, and Lycosa frondicola. Skin lesion exudate was collected and tested with the BRS venom PHAI assay. From 51 separate collections of exudate, test sensitivity was 90% as long as 3 days after venom injection. Specificity was 100% with venom from the other spider species listed above in vivo (7 test samples) and in vitro (5 test samples), as well as with random bacterial exudate with and without added serial dilutions of BRS venom (10 test samples). The test was reproducible over repetitive assays to within one 10-fold dilution. A positive PHAI test result could function as an entry criterion for BRS bite victims in human treatment trials.

scholarly journals HUMAN IMMUNITY TO THE MENINGOCOCCUS

1969 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 1349-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil C. Gotschlich ◽  
Teh Yung Liu ◽  
Malcolm S. Artenstein
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Neuraminic Acid ◽  
Purification Procedure ◽  
Main Constituent ◽  
Passive Hemagglutination ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽  
Group A ◽  
Human Immunity ◽  
Group B

The group-specific polysaccharides of group A and group C meningococci have been isolated by a new procedure which employs the cationic detergent Cetavlon to precipitate these polysaccharides from the whole culture. The A and C polysaccharide prepared by this method are noteworthy because they are of high molecular weight. The main constituent of the A polysaccharide is N-acetyl, O-acetyl mannosamine phosphate; of the C polysaccharide N-acetyl, O-acetyl neuraminic acid. This purification procedure, when applied to cultures of group B organisms, yields a polysaccharide consisting primarily of N-acetyl neuraminic acid. A passive hemagglutination test developed to measure antibodies to the polysaccharides demonstrated the specificity of these antigens. Using a hemagglutination inhibition test, these antigens were again found to be group-specific, and this test could be used for serogrouping meningococcal isolates.

scholarly journals LACK OF IDENTITY IN NEUTRALIZING AND HEMAGGLUTINATION-INHIBITING ANTIBODIES AGAINST INFLUENZA VIRUSES

1950 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duard L. Walker ◽  
Frank L. Horsfall
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Neutralization Line

There is an exponential linear relationship between the quantity of influenza virus neutralized and the quantity of immune serum employed in in ovo neutralization. The slope of the neutralization line is extremely steep. The concentration of neutralizing antibody can be measured with considerable precision in ovo if the constant virus-varying serum technique is utilized. The amounts of hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies which are absorbed by a given quantity of influenza virus (PR8) were found to be predictable and the degree of reactivity of these two antibodies was shown to be directly related to the extent of immunization. It was demonstrated that there are marked discrepancies in correlation between antibody titers obtained by in vitro hemagglutination-inhibition and in vivo neutralization techniques and that neutralizing antibody is preferentially absorbed by a given quantity of virus. Inasmuch as the results were found not to be attributable to peculiarities of the techniques employed, it appears that the antibodies measured by hemagglutination-inhibition in vitro and by neutralization in vivo are not identical.

scholarly journals The Anti-Porcine Parvovirus Activity of Nanometer Propolis Flavone and Propolis FlavoneIn VitroandIn Vivo

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Ma ◽  
Zhenhuan Guo ◽  
Zhiqiang Shen ◽  
Yonglu Liu ◽  
Jinliang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Porcine Parvovirus ◽  
Porcine Kidney ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Objectives. The present study was conducted to evaluate the activity of nanometer propolis flavone (NPF) on inhibiting porcine parvovirus (PPV)in vitroandin vivo.Methods.In vitro, the effect of NPF on cellular infectivity of PPV was carried out before and after adding drug and simultaneous adding and PPV after being mixed.In vivo, the anti-PPV effect of NPF in guinea pigs was performed.Results. The results showed that NPF could significantly inhibit PPV infecting porcine kidney- (PK-) 15 cells compared with propolis flavone (PF), and the activity of NPF was the best in preadding drug pattern. NPF at high and medium doses was able to observably restrain PPV copying in lung, gonad, blood, and spleen, decrease the impact of PPV on weight of guinea pigs, and improve hemagglutination inhibition (HI) of PPV in serum. In addition, it could also increase the contents of IL-2 and IL-6 in serum after PPV challenge.Conclusion. These results indicated that NPF could significantly improve the anti-PPV activity of PF, and its high concentration possessed the best efficacy. Therefore, NPF would be expected to be exploited into a new-style antiviral drug.

Active transport of iron by intestine: mucosal iron pools

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Manis ◽  
David Schachter
Keyword(s):  
Active Transport ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Iron Transport ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Duodenal Mucosa ◽  
Serosal Surface ◽  
Normal Rat

Methods were developed for the specific estimation of Fe++, Fe+++, Fe59++ and Fe59+++ in homogenates of rat duodenal mucosa and applied to studies of iron transport by everted gut sacs in vitro and duodenal loops in vivo. In the course of active transport in vitro Fe++ is absorbed into a mucosal ferrous pool which turns over relatively rapidly by a) transport of Fe++ to the serosal surface and b) formation of a mucosal Fe+++ pool. The latter turns over more slowly and appears to be a storage depot for excess mineral. When rats are pretreated with oral iron, uptake of Fe++ at the mucosal surface is decreased, diversion of mucosal Fe++ to mucosal Fe+++ is increased, and transport toward the serosal surface is reduced. Corresponding effects, which tend to limit iron absorption in vivo, are observed with duodenal loops. A sensitive hemagglutination-inhibition method was developed to estimate apoferritin in normal rat mucosa, and this protein was detected and quantified. Ferritin could account for only 8.0% of the trivalent mucosal pool and appeared to play an insignificant role in the present studies.

In Vitro Detection of Antibody to Cholera Enterotoxin in Cholera Patients and Laboratory Animals

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Richard A. Finkelstein ◽  
Johnny W. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Ileal Loop ◽  
Passive Hemagglutination ◽  
Cholera Enterotoxin ◽  
Skin Reactivity ◽  
Flocculation Test ◽  
Chicken Erythrocytes ◽  
Different Tissues

Two new in vitro microtests for anticholeragen (cholera exo-enterotoxin) antibodies are described and compared. In both tests, choleragen and choleragenoid, antigenically identical purified moieties which differ in size, charge, and toxicity, may be used as sensitizing antigens with apparently equal facility. The passive hemagglutination (PHA) test in which sensitized tanned chicken erythrocytes are used was found to be more sensitive than the sensitized bentonite flocculation test. Tests with sera from cholera patients almost invariably demonstrated a rise in titer on convalescence. Results with the PHA test were directly correlated with results derived from in vivo toxin neutralization assays involving inhibition of skin reactivity and the ileal loop reaction. These observations strengthen the hypothesis that choleragen is involved in the pathogenesis of cholera in man and support the unitarian concept that skin reactivity and choleragenesis are manifestations of the same toxin acting in different tissues. Both of the tests described have been modified and used as inhibition tests in the detection and assay of choleragen antigen.

scholarly journals ANTIGENICITY OF THE M PROTEINS OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI

1966 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1135-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene N. Fox ◽  
M. K. Wittner ◽  
Albert Dorfman
Keyword(s):  
M Protein ◽  
Antigenic Specificity ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Passive Hemagglutination ◽  
M Proteins ◽  
Cutaneous Hypersensitivity ◽  
Group A ◽  
Protein Vaccines

Highly purified M proteins were used for determining cutaneous hypersensitivity and type-specific circulating antibodies in normal adults and infants. 80% of 91 adults and 8% of 59 infants exhibited a transient delayed cutaneous reaction to at least two of types 12, 14, and 24 M proteins. Antibodies assayed by passive hemagglutination were observed in 90% of the adults and 13% of the infants. Vaccines of 10 µg of alum-precipitated M protein or 20 µg of the soluble antigen were administered to adults not exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity. Within 2 wk hemagglutination liters increased significantly in 31 of 33 subjects. Preimmunization antibody levels indicated that these responses were probably anamnestic reactions from previous exposures to homologous serotypes of group A streptococci. Sera exhibiting large increments in antibody titers resulting from M protein inoculations also had type-specific bactericidal properties. "Attenuated" M proteins, produced by partial degradation with trypsin induced only minimal cutaneous reactions in hypersensitive adults, but still retained most of the antigenic specificity when assayed in vitro and in vivo. The utility of M protein vaccines for human use is discussed in reference to the low incidence of cutaneous hypersensitivity in infants, the potentials of polyvalent attenuated M protein vaccines and the apparent absence of immune cross-reactivity between pure M proteins and human heart and kidney tissues.

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