scholarly journals Geographic Variation in the Trade-Off Between Nestling Growth Rate and Body Condition in the Tree Swallow

The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Ardia
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Tree Swallow ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Nestling Growth ◽  
Trade Offs

AbstractNestlings can exhibit considerable variation in developmental patterns both within and among locations due to differences in environmental conditions and parental investment. I investigated trade-offs between nestling growth rate and residual body mass (body condition) at three locations across the range of the Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor). Nestlings at the northern extreme of the range in Alaska had slower growth rates, lower body mass, and higher residual body mass than nestlings in New York and Tennessee. High insect availability was correlated with increased growth rates of nestlings in New York and Tennessee, but not in Alaska. Conversely, nestlings in Alaska showed increased residual body mass with high insect availability, but nestlings in New York and Tennessee did not. The trade-off between growth rate and residual body mass varied among sites, with fast-growing nestlings in Tennessee maintaining a higher residual body mass than those in Alaska. These results suggest that factors affecting offspring growth and condition vary among sites, leading to geographical differences in offspring development trajectories.

scholarly journals Escherichia colipopulations adapt to complex, unpredictable fluctuations without any trade-offs across environments

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shraddha Karve ◽  
Devika Bhave ◽  
Dhanashri Nevgi ◽  
Sutirth Dey
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Multiple Stresses ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Fluctuating Environments ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Lower Variation

AbstractIn nature, organisms are simultaneously exposed to multiple stresses (i.e. complex environments) that often fluctuate unpredictably. While both these factors have been studied in isolation, the interaction of the two remains poorly explored. To address this issue, we selected laboratory populations ofEscherichia coliunder complex (i.e. stressful combinations of pH, H2O2and NaCl) unpredictably fluctuating environments for ~900 generations. We compared the growth rates and the corresponding trade-off patterns of these populations to those that were selected under constant values of the component stresses (i.e. pH, H2O2and NaCl) for the same duration. The fluctuation-selected populations had greater mean growth rate and lower variation for growth rate over all the selection environments experienced. However, while the populations selected under constant stresses experienced severe tradeoffs in many of the environments other than those in which they were selected, the fluctuation-selected populations could by-pass the across-environment trade-offs completely. Interestingly, trade-offs were found between growth rates and carrying capacities. The results suggest that complexity and fluctuations can strongly affect the underlying trade-off structure in evolving populations.

scholarly journals Metabolic enzyme cost explains variable trade-offs between microbial growth rate and yield

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meike T. Wortel ◽  
Elad Noor ◽  
Michael Ferris ◽  
Frank J. Bruggeman ◽  
Wolfram Liebermeister
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs

AbstractMicrobes may maximize the number of daughter cells per time or per amount of nutrients consumed. These two strategies correspond, respectively, to the use of enzyme-efficient or substrate-efficient metabolic pathways. In reality, fast growth is often associated with wasteful, yield-inefficient metabolism, and a general thermodynamic trade-off between growth rate and biomass yield has been proposed to explain this. We studied growth rate/yield trade-offs by using a novel modeling framework, Enzyme-Flux Cost Minimization (EFCM) and by assuming that the growth rate depends directly on the enzyme investment per rate of biomass production. In a comprehensive mathematical model of core metabolism inE. coli, we screened all elementary flux modes leading to cell synthesis, characterized them by the growth rates and yields they provide, and studied the shape of the resulting rate/yield Pareto front. By varying the model parameters, we found that the rate/yield trade-off is not universal, but depends on metabolic kinetics and environmental conditions. A prominent trade-off emerges under oxygen-limited growth, where yield-inefficient pathways support a 2-to-3 times higher growth rate than yield-efficient pathways. EFCM can be widely used to predict optimal metabolic states and growth rates under varying nutrient levels, perturbations of enzyme parameters, and single or multiple gene knockouts.Author SummaryWhen cells compete for nutrients, those that grow faster and produce more offspring per time are favored by natural selection. In contrast, when cells need to maximize the cell number at a limited nutrient supply, fast growth does not matter and an efficient use of nutrients (i.e. high biomass yield) is essential. This raises a basic question about metabolism: can cells achieve high growth rates and yields simultaneously, or is there a conflict between the two goals? Using a new modeling method called Enzymatic Flux Cost Minimization (EFCM), we predict cellular growth rates and find that growth rate/yield trade-offs and the ensuing preference for enzyme-efficient or substrate-efficient metabolic pathways are not universal, but depend on growth conditions such as external glucose and oxygen concentrations.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli populations adapt to complex, unpredictable fluctuations by minimizing trade-offs across environments

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shraddha Madhav Karve ◽  
Devika Bhave ◽  
Dhanashri Nevgi ◽  
Sutirth Dey
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Multiple Stresses ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Fluctuating Environments ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Lower Variation

In nature, organisms are simultaneously exposed to multiple stresses (i.e. complex environments) that often fluctuate unpredictably. While both these factors have been studied in isolation, the interaction of the two remains poorly explored. To address this issue, we selected laboratory populations of Escherichia coli under complex (i.e. stressful combinations of pH, H2O2 and NaCl) unpredictably fluctuating environments for ~900 generations. We compared the growth rates and the corresponding trade-off patterns of these populations to those that were selected under constant values of the component stresses (i.e. pH, H2O2 and NaCl) for the same duration. The fluctuation-selected populations had greater mean growth rate and lower variation for growth rate over all the selection environments experienced. However, while the populations selected under constant stresses experienced trade-offs in the environments other than those in which they were selected, the fluctuation-selected populations could by-pass the across-environment trade-offs almost entirely. Interestingly, trade-offs were found between growth rates and carrying capacities. The results suggest that complexity and fluctuations can strongly affect the underlying trade-off structure in evolving populations.

scholarly journals Enzymatic antioxidants but not baseline glucocorticoids mediate the reproduction–survival trade-off in a wild bird

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1892) ◽  
pp. 20182141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Casagrande ◽  
Michaela Hau
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Redox System ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Metabolites ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Nest Provisioning

The trade-off between reproductive investment and survival is central to life-history theory, but the relative importance and the complex interactions among the physiological mechanisms mediating it are still debated. Here we experimentally tested whether baseline glucocorticoid hormones, the redox system or their interaction mediate reproductive investment–survival trade-offs in wild great tits ( Parus major ). We increased the workload of parental males by clipping three feathers on each wing, and 5 days later determined effects on baseline corticosterone concentrations (Cort), redox state (reactive oxygen metabolites, protein carbonyls, glutathione peroxidase [GPx], total non-enzymatic antioxidants), body mass, body condition, reproductive success and survival. Feather-clipping did not affect fledgling numbers, chick body condition, nest provisioning rates or survival compared with controls. However, feather-clipped males lost mass and increased both Cort and GPx concentrations. Within feather-clipped individuals, GPx increases were positively associated with reproductive investment (i.e. male nest provisioning). Furthermore, within all individuals, males that increased GPx suffered reduced survival rates. Baseline Cort increases were related to mass loss but not to redox state, nest provisioning or male survival. Our findings provide experimental evidence that changes in the redox system are associated with the trade-off between reproductive investment and survival, while baseline Cort may support this trade-off indirectly through a link with body condition. These results also emphasize that plastic changes in individuals, rather than static levels of physiological signals, may mediate life-history trade-offs.

Interannual variation in birth mass and postnatal growth rate of Juan Fernández fur seals

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 978-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Ochoa-Acuña ◽  
John M Francis ◽  
Daryl J Boness
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Interannual Variation ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Fur Seal ◽  
Attendance Pattern

The objectives of this study were to establish body mass at birth, postnatal growth rate, and the factors that influence these parameters for the Juan Fernández fur seal, Arctocephalus philippii. Females of this species have an unusual attendance pattern in which foraging trips and shore visits last, on average, 12.3 and 5.3 days, respectively. Pup mass was obtained from cohorts born during the reproductive seasons in 1988 through 1992. Birth masses of male and female pups were significantly different, averaging 6.1 and 5.5 kg, respectively (F = 13.2, P < 0.0003, n = 238). Birth masses also differed among cohorts, being lowest in 1992 and highest in 1990. During the first 2 months of life, male and female pups grew at the same rate (79 ± 61.5 g · day-1 (mean ± SD); F[1] = 0.03, P = 0.8562). Interannual differences in growth rate during the first month were significant (F[4] = 8.14, P < 0.0001), as was the interaction between month and year effects (F[2] = 6.81, P = 0.0012). Growth rates for the 1990 cohort were lower than those in all other years except 1992. Birth masses and postnatal growth rates of Juan Fernández fur seal pups are comparable to those of other otariid species.

scholarly journals Body Condition and Parental Decisions in the Snow Petrel (Pagodroma Nivea)

The Auk ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 266-270
Author(s):  
Torkild Tveraa ◽  
Guttorm N. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Chick Growth ◽  
Period Range ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Decision To Leave ◽  
Snow Petrel ◽  
Good Body Condition ◽  
First Time

Abstract In Procellariiformes, parents guard the chick for some time after it has attained homeothermy. Such a strategy may have evolved to protect the chick from predation or inclement weather, but it is costly because only one parent can forage at a time. Therefore, the decision to leave the chick seems to be a trade-off between the chick's ability to care for itself, body condition of the parent present at the nest, and ability of the bird out foraging to return to the nest before its mate's body condition has degraded. We studied chick growth and survival together with number of days Snow Petrel (Pagodroma nivea) chicks were guarded before being left alone for the first time in relation to the parents body condition and ability to return to the nest in time. Parents in good body condition were more likely to produce a chick that survived the guard stage. They also guarded their chick for a longer period (range 2–8 days, x̄ = 4.5) and finally left it alone with a higher body mass than those in poor body condition. However, whether the foraging bird was able to return to the nest in time to relieve its mate was also strongly related to number of days the chick was guarded and its body mass. The chicks' survival from when they were left alone and until day 10 posthatch was positively related both to number of days they were guarded and their body condition (body mass corrected for age).

scholarly journals Seedling growth rates and light requirements of subtropical rainforest trees associated with basaltic and rhyolitic soils

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Lusk ◽  
K. M. Sendall ◽  
P. J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Light Requirements ◽  
Differential Adaptation

A trade-off between shade tolerance and growth in open conditions is widely believed to underlie the dynamics of humid forests. Little is known about how the growth versus shade tolerance trade-off interacts with other major trade-offs associated with differential adaptation to major environmental factors besides light. We asked whether the growth versus shade tolerance trade-off differed between subtropical rainforest tree assemblages native to basaltic (fertile) and rhyolitic (infertile) soils in northern New South Wales, because of the allocational costs of adaptation to low nutrient availability. Seedling relative growth rates of six basalt specialists and five rhyolite specialists were measured in a glasshouse and the minimum light requirements of each species were quantified in the field by determining the 10th percentile of juvenile tree distributions in relation to understorey light availability. A similar range of light requirements was observed in the two assemblages, and although the two fastest growing species were basalt specialists, seedling growth rates did not differ significantly between the two substrates. The overall relationship between light requirements and growth rate was weak, and there was no compelling evidence that the slope or elevation of this relationship differed between the two assemblages. Growth rates were significantly correlated, overall, with specific leaf area, and marginally with leaf area ratio. The apparent similarity of the growth versus shade tolerance trade-off in the two suites of species could reflect effects of leaf nutrient content on respiration rates; basalt specialists tended to have a smaller root mass fraction, but this may have been offset by the effects of leaf nitrogen status on respiration rates, with higher respiration rates expected on fertile basaltic soils. However, the results might also partly reflect impairment of the field performance of two basalt specialists that were heavily attacked by natural enemies.

Growth-enhanced transgenic salmon can be inferior swimmers

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Farrell ◽  
William Bennett ◽  
Robert H. Devlin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Growth Hormone Gene ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Physiological Fitness

We examined the consequence of remarkably fast growth rates in transgenic fish, using swimming performance as a physiological fitness variable. Substantially faster growth rates were achieved by the insertion of an "all-salmon" growth hormone gene construct in transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). On an absolute speed basis, transgenic fish swam no faster at their critical swimming speed than smaller non-transgenic controls, and much slower than older non-transgenic controls of the same size. Thus, we find a marked trade-off between growth rate and swimming performance, and these results suggest that transgenic fish may be an excellent model to evaluate existing ideas regarding physiological design.

scholarly journals Plant eco-evolution weakens mutualistic interaction with declining pollinator populations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avril Weinbach ◽  
Nicolas Loeuille ◽  
Rudolf P. Rohr
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Pollination Services ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Mutualistic Interaction ◽  
Plant Pollinator

AbstractRecent pollinator population declines threaten pollination services and greatly impact plant-pollinator coevolution. We investigate how such evolutionary effects affect plant-pollinator coexistence. Using eco-evolutionary dynamics, we study the evolution of plant attractiveness in a simple pollinator-plant model, assuming an allocation trade-off between attractiveness (e.g. nectar production, flower shape and size) and plant intrinsic growth rates. First, we investigated how attractiveness evolution changes species persistence, biomass production, and the intensity of the mutualism (as a proxy for pollination services). We show that the shape of the allocation trade-off is key in determining the outcome of the eco-evolutionary dynamics and that concave trade-offs allow convergence to stable plant-pollinator coexistence. Then we analyse the effect of pollinator population declines on the eco-evolutionary dynamics. Decreasing intrinsic growth rates of pollinator population results in a plant-evolution driven disappearance of the mutualistic interaction, eventually leading to pollinator extinction. With asymmetric mutualism favouring the pollinator, the evolutionary disappearance of the mutualistic interaction is delayed. Our results suggest that evolution may account for the current collapse of pollination systems and that restoration attempts should be enforced early enough to prevent potential negative effects driven by plant evolution.

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