Plant Volatiles and Oviposition Behavior in the Selection of Barley Cultivars by Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buddhi B Achhami ◽  
Gadi V P Reddy ◽  
M L Hofland ◽  
Jamie D Sherman ◽  
Robert K D Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Selection ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Hexenyl Acetate ◽  
Host Selection Behavior ◽  
Selection Decisions

Abstract Wheat stem sawfly, [Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)], females display complex behaviors for host selection and oviposition. Susceptible hollow stem wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars release a greater amount of attractive compound, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and receive a greater number of eggs compared to resistant solid stem wheat cultivars. However, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is becoming a more common host for C. cinctus in Montana. Therefore, how do host selection and oviposition behaviors on barley cultivars compare to what happens when encountering wheat cultivars? To answer this question, we carried out greenhouse experiments using two barley cultivars: ‘Hockett’ and ‘Craft’. Between these cultivars at Zadoks stages 34 and 49, we compared host selection decisions using a Y-tube olfactometer, compared oviposition behaviors on stems, and counted the number of eggs inside individual stems. In Y-tube bioassays, we found a greater number of C. cinctus females were attracted to the airstream passing over ‘Hockett’ than ‘Craft’ barley cultivars. Although the frequencies of oviposition behaviors were similar between these cultivars, the number of eggs was greater in ‘Hockett’. Volatile profiles indicated that the amount of linalool was greater in the airstream from ‘Craft’ than in ‘Hockett’ at Zadoks 34 while the amount of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was greater in airstream from ‘Hockett’ at both Zadoks 34 and 49. These results suggest that volatiles of barley plants influenced host selection behavior of ovipositing C. cinctus females, while other discriminating behaviors do not differ between cultivars.

THE DIGESTIBILITY BY PIGS OF DRY MATTER, ENERGY, PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT CULTIVARS. II. FIFTEEN CULTIVARS GROWN IN TWO YEARS, COMPARED WITH BONANZA AND FERGUS BARLEYS, AND 3CW-GRADE HARD RED SPRING WHEAT

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. ANDERSON ◽  
J. M. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Available Lysine

Fifteen wheat cultivars (Triticum vulgare L.) and two barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.), some grown in two or three different years, were evaluated in two digestion trials with pigs of 40 kg initial weight. Some samples had frost damage. Each cultivar was measured for bulk weight (kg/hL), weight in g/1000 kernels, kernel plumpness and percent germination. The grains and feces were analyzed for gross energy, crude protein and amino acids. The diets comprised 95.7% ground grain, 0.5% chromic oxide, and mineral and vitamin supplements. Crude protein (N × 6.25) ranged from 11.1 to 19.7%. In terms of digestibility of energy, digestibility of protein, content of digestible crude protein (DCP), available lysine and digestible energy (DE), the wheat cultivars Inia-66 and Neepawa ranked highest, followed by Norquay, then Glenlea, Pitic-62 and PFW606A. Within cultivar, year-to-year differences were observed as well as some effects of frost damage. Cultivar differences in DE were found but DCP and available lysine were identified as the most important nutritional criteria for wheat to be used as the major grain in the animal diet. Environmental conditions affecting crop growth and seed maturity may be as important as genetic differences between cultivars in regard to nutritional quality evaluations as measured in these trials.Key words: Digestibility, wheat, protein, energy, amino acids, pigs

Using agronomic traits and semiochemical production in winter wheat cultivars to identify suitable trap crops for the wheat stem sawfly

2010 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micaela Buteler ◽  
David K. Weaver ◽  
Phil L. Bruckner ◽  
Gregg R. Carlson ◽  
James E. Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Detailed Measurement ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Trap Crops ◽  
Trap Cropping ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

AbstractTrap crops are a plausible control strategy for the wheat stem sawfly (WSS), Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), especially in alternate wheat−fallow cropping systems. Identifying the most suitable winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Poaceae) cultivars is necessary to further improve the effectiveness of winter wheat trap crops. We compared cultivars suitable for cultivation in Montana to identify those that exhibit the greatest potential as trap crops. To accomplish this we used nine winter wheat cultivars to analyze plant characteristics that influence the oviposition behavior of the WSS: stem height, stem diameter, rate of plant development, and emission of the WSS attractant (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. Data on sawfly-induced stem cutting collected from these cultivars in field nurseries were analyzed to evaluate the potential of each cultivar to attract sawflies. Based on these criteria, five cultivars with good potential as trap crops are ‘Norstar’, ‘Neeley’, ‘Morgan’, ‘Rampart’, and ‘BigSky’. More data from laboratory preference tests and detailed measurement of semiochemical production from these cultivars are required for selecting optimal cultivars for trap-cropping.

EFFETS DES METHODES DE SEMIS SUR L’EVALUATION DES CULTIVARS DE CEREALES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-239
Author(s):  
C. A. ST-PIERRE ◽  
J. P. DUBUC ◽  
F. M. GAUTHIER ◽  
H. R. KLINCK
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Adequate Evaluation ◽  
Significant Yield

The differential response of a number of cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) to different methods of seeding was studied. Results of eight station–years with wheat show significant differences in yield among the cultivars and among seeding methods. The highest rate of seeding of wheat, 118 kg/ha, resulted in a significant yield increase, but the yield increase was smaller with narrower rows. The interaction of methods of seeding × cultivars was not significant, indicating that the presently used testing procedures give adequate evaluation of yield potential of wheat cultivars. The stable cultivar performance at the various rates of seeding suggests that efficient individual plant selection could be made at lower rates of seeding in rows 15 cm apart. Results of eight station–years with barley and 12 station–years with oats show that the experimental testing procedures used are adequate to evaluate oats and barley cultivars for yield.

scholarly journals Moderate sodium has positive effects on shoots but not roots of salt-tolerant barley grown in a potassium-deficient sandy soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qifu Ma ◽  
Richard Bell ◽  
Ross Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
K Deficiency

In the agricultural lands of south-western Australia, salinity severely affects about 1 million hectares, and there is also widespread occurrence of potassium (K) deficiency. This study investigated whether the effects of sodium (Na) on crop K nutrition vary with plant salt sensitivity. In a glasshouse experiment with loamy sand, two barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Gairdner, salt sensitive, and cv. CM72, salt tolerant) and one wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Wyalkatchem, salt tolerant) were first grown in soil containing 30 mg extractable K/kg for 4 weeks to create mildly K-deficient plants, then subjected to Na (as NaCl) and additional K treatments for 3 weeks. Although high Na (300 mg Na/kg) reduced leaf numbers, moderate Na (100 mg Na/kg) hastened leaf development in barley cultivars but not in wheat. In the salt-tolerant CM72, moderate Na also increased tiller numbers, shoot dry weight and Na accumulation, but not root growth. The positive effect of moderate Na on shoot growth in CM72 was similar to that of adding 45 mg K/kg. Root growth relative to shoot growth was enhanced by adequate K supply (75 mg K/kg) compared with K deficiency, but not by Na supply. Soil Na greatly reduced the K/Na and Ca/Na ratios in shoots and roots, while additional K supply increased the K/Na ratio with little effect on the Ca/Na ratio. The study showed that the substitution of K by Na in barley and wheat was influenced not only by plant K status, but by the potential for Na uptake in roots and Na accumulation in shoots, which may play a major role in salt tolerance. The increased growth in shoots but not roots of salt-tolerant CM72 in response to moderate Na and the greater adverse effect of soil K deficiency on roots than shoots in all genotypes would make the low-K plants more vulnerable to saline and water-limited environments.

EFFECTS OF BARLEY AND WHEAT CULTIVARS ON GROWTH OF THE CHICK

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. STRAIN ◽  
A. P. PILOSKI
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Daily Gain

Five barley (Hordeum sp.) and three wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) cultivars, each supplemented with minerals and vitamins, were fed to White Leghorn cockerel chicks. Differences due to barley cultivars were significant for shank length but not for average daily gain, although the ranking was identical for both traits (r = 0.997). No large differences were found between the wheat cultivars. Body weight at 10 weeks, feed efficiency, and mortality were not affected by cultivar.

EFFECTS OF CHLORMEQUAT ON PLANT HEIGHT, DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CULTIVARS OF BARLEY, OATS, AND WHEAT

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. CLARK ◽  
G. FEDAK
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Trimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars

Applications of chlormequat ((2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride) to field plots of cereals at the 3- to 5-leaf growth stages reduced the height of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) the most, followed by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oats (Avena sativa L.). Height reductions were cultivar-specific in the three crops. Lodging was temporarily delayed by the use of chlormequat, while disease incidence, seed yields, protein, lignin, and cellulose content of the straw were unchanged. Of 53 barley cultivars treated with chlormequat, 35 showed variable degrees of height reduction with 5 reduced significantly to a maximum of 13.2%; 6 showed no response, while 12 grew taller following treatment. In general, reaction of barley cultivars to chlormequat followed genetic relationships similar to those determined by isozyme patterns.

SURVIVAL OF COMMON SPRING WHEAT CULTIVARS GROWN IN MIXTURES IN THREE ENVIRONMENTS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1309-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
HUGH McKENZIE ◽  
M. N. GRANT
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Percent Survival ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Site Ranking

Population shifts occurred in mixtures of six cultivars of common spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown for 6 or 7 yr in three different environments, nonirrigated, irrigated, and infested with the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.). On the nonirrigated site, ranking of cultivars was the same for percent survival in the mixture as for yield in pure stand. Rankings, with one exception, for average number of kernels per spike were similar to those for average yield and survival on the nonirrigated site. On the irrigated site, rankings for percent survival in the mixture and for yield in pure stand were similar except that one cultivar was at a disadvantage due to shorter height. Rankings for average kernel weight, again with one exception, were similar to rankings for survival on the irrigated site. On the sawfly-infested site, rankings for survival in the mixture were similar to those for yield in pure stand. On all three sites, the data support the contention that natural selection will increase the frequency of high-yielding plants in mixed population of spring wheat in southern Alberta.

PERFORMANCE OF SPRING WHEAT AND BARLEY CULTIVARS SOWN IN THE FALL AND SPRING IN NORTHERN ALBERTA

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-747
Author(s):  
K. G. BRIGGS ◽  
D. G. FARIS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Northern Alberta

Two spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. emend Lam.) and three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were grown over a 2-yr period at three locations in Alberta north of latitude 53°N, to compare the effect of fall and spring seeding on yield and maturity. The cultivars were Olli and Jubilee barley, and Park, Thatcher, and Pitic 62 wheat. The locations were Edmonton, Beaverlodge, and Fort Vermilion. With few exceptions, fall seeding resulted in loss of yield compared with spring seeding, and the fall-seeded materials were no earlier maturing than the comparable spring-seeded materials. For the cultivars and locations studied, fall seeding of spring barley and wheat cannot be recommended. Two spring seeding dates were also compared, the first being considerably earlier than typical commercial seeding at the same location. There were few significant differences in yield between the two spring dates, but the later date considerably delayed the maturity of all cultivars.

INTERPLOT COMPETITION BETWEEN WHEAT OR BARLEY CULTIVARS OF DIFFERING HEIGHTS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1129-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. BAKER ◽  
B. G. ROSSNAGEL
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars

Four trials with 18 triplet combinations of tall, intermediate and short cultivars of spring wheat, and four trials with 18 triplet combinations of one short and two tall cultivars of spring barley, were conducted over 3 yr at Saskatoon to test the hypothesis that differences in height would not cause interplot competition for grain yield. Significant competition between cultivars was detected in two trials with wheat and in one of the barley trials.Key words: Wheat (spring), Triticum aestivum L., barley (spring), Hordeum vulgare L., interplot competition, grain yield

Effect of cultivar on response of wheat and barley to chloride fertilization

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Mohr ◽  
C. C. Bernier ◽  
D. N. Flaten ◽  
G. J. Racz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Yield Responses

Crop cultivar has been shown to affect the frequency and magnitude of yield responses to chloride (Cl−) fertilizer applications. Information regarding the Cl− responsiveness of cereal cultivars commonly grown in western Canada is limited, however. Field experiments were conducted in Manitoba in 1990 and 1991 to determine the effect of Cl− fertilization on plant nutrient status, grain yield and grain quality of Katepwa, Roblin, Biggar and Marshall wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and of Bedford, Brier, Argyle and Heartland barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Chloride fertilization increased the concentration of Cl− in plant tissue of all cultivars. Increased grain yield and improved grain quality due to Cl− fertilization occurred more frequently in wheat than in barley; however, cultivars within a species differed in Cl− responsiveness. The application of 50 kg Cl− ha−1 significantly increased grain yield for Heartland barley by 905 kg ha−1 in one of four experiments, for Roblin wheat by 492 kg ha−1 in one of four experiments, for Biggar wheat by an average 333 kg ha−1 in two of four experiments and for Marshall wheat by an average 363 kg ha−1 in two of four experiments. However, the application of 50 kg Cl− ha−1 resulted in significant reduction in grain yield for Bedford in one of four experiments and for Marshall in one of four experiments. Yield responses to Cl− were not related to soil Cl− content or Cl− concentration in plant tissue. Key words: Chloride, fertilizers, wheat, barley, cultivars, yield

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