The gold standard, fiscal dominance and financial supervision in Greece and South-East Europe, 1841–1939

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Morys
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Financial Supervision ◽  
World War ◽  
East Europe ◽  
East European ◽  
South East Europe ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Fiscal Dominance

Abstract We add a historical and regional dimension to the debate on the Greek debt crisis by analysing repeated cycles of entry and exit from the gold standard, government default, and financial supervision for four South-East European countries from political independence to World War II. The prevailing pattern of fiscal dominance was broken only under financial supervision, when conditionality scaled back the treasury’s influence; only then were central banks able to stabilize their exchange rates. A political economy analysis for Greece finds that financial supervision was politically acceptable as it made successfully adhering to gold more likely in the view of contemporaries.

scholarly journals A century of monetary reform in South-East Europe: from political autonomy to the gold standard, 1815–1910

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Morys
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Monetary Reform ◽  
East Europe ◽  
East European ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
South East Europe ◽  
Key Steps

This article documents and analyses monetary reform in Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Romania from 1815 (Serbian autonomy within the Ottoman Empire) to 1910, when Greece became the last country in the region to join the gold standard. It explains the five key steps towards monetary reform which the four countries took in the same chronological order, and asks why national coinage and the foundation of a bank of note issue came late in the reform process. The South-East European countries tried to emulate West European prototypes, yet economic backwardness meant such institutions were often different from the outset, remained short-lived or both.

scholarly journals Freedom on the post-totalitarian horizon

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Matusiak ◽  
Andrzej Polak ◽  
Monika Wolting
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
East Europe ◽  
South East Europe

The authors of this sketch are drawing a panorama of the potential interpretational aspects of understanding the category of freedom in the societies of the post-communist part of Europe. At the same time, they attempt to define the horizon for finding the answer to the identity-forming question that is key for this georegion, i.e. about the essence and the specificity of processes, phenomena and mechanisms of emancipation of culture and societies of post-totalitarian European countries from the legacy of World War II, and particularly its post-Yalta consequences which embedded the countries and nations of Central, East and South-East Europe in the sphere of imperial subordination of Soviet dominance for nearly another half a century.

Colonizing Palestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-120
Author(s):  
Mahmoud O. Haddad
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
East Europe ◽  
East European ◽  
Eastern Question ◽  
Strategic Policies

This study compiles historical information to highlight the role played by both East and West European countries in the creation of Israel since before World War I. East European countries, especially Russia, Poland, and Romania, were as effective in this regard as the West Europeans. While racial policies were paramount in East Europe, including Germany, religious and strategic policies were as effective in the West, especially in Britain. Two points can be redrawn in this regard: That the question of Palestine was a Western question on both sides of the continent; it had nothing to do with the Eastern question that engulfed the Ottoman Empire before and during World War I. Additionally while World War II did not start the process of creating Israel, it accelerated it since the United States became an active supporter of the Zionist project. The second conclusion explains why all major powers give so much latitude to Israel, regardless of its constant neglect of international law to this very day.

scholarly journals Preface: The Historical Geography of the Hungarian Nation

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-376
Author(s):  
Andrew Ludanyi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
World War ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
East European ◽  
The Past ◽  
French And English ◽  
The Subject

The fate of Hungarian minorities in East Central Europe has been one of the most neglected subjects in the Western scholarly world. For the past fifty years the subject—at least prior to the late 1980s—was taboo in the successor states (except Yugoslavia), while in Hungary itself relatively few scholars dared to publish anything about this issue till the early 1980s. In the West, it was just not faddish, since most East European and Russian Area studies centers at American, French and English universities tended to think of the territorial status quo as “politically correct.” The Hungarian minorities, on the other hand, were a frustrating reminder that indeed the Entente after World War I, and the Allies after World War II, made major mistakes and significantly contributed to the pain and anguish of the peoples living in this region of the “shatter zone.”

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