Epidemiology of foot deformities in southern italy: focus on Pes planus and Pes cavus

Abstract Background Information on the foot structures of Central Anatolian children is limited. Foot structures of children aged 6–10 years were shown to be different according to sex and increasing age. Objective This study aimed to compare the foot anthropometric values by age and sex and collect the foot anthropometric data to reveal the relationship between pes planus and pes cavus in the arches of children according to age. Methods Footprints of 335 children (180 boys and 155 girls) aged 6–10 years were taken by the pedigraph method and evaluated using 18 different parameters. The TFL (Truncated foot length), FL (foot length), Arch Index, Chippaux Smirak Index, Staheli Arc Index, and foot rotation values of the children were examined. To examine the relationship between the parameters, normality values were examined. Independent samples t-test was used to analyze sex differences in terms of foot size and shape. Results Correlations between other parameters were determined using the correlations analysis method. TFL, metatarsal circumference, and FL were strongly correlated with age in the children. Foot rotation increased with body mass index in the girls compared to that in the boys. According to the evaluation results with the classification made with the Staheli arch index, 63.3% pes planus, 9.8% pes cavus and 27.7% of the normal arch structure were identified. Conclusions Planning shoe production accordingly will contribute to the development of healthy feet in children. This article focused on foot structures of in Central Anatolia and to identify early foot deformities in children. This study found that the length of the TFL was smaller in boys than in girls.

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Analysis of 6−10-Year-Old Children Feet Anthropometric Sizes and Pes Planus, Pes Cavus Predisposition in Central Anatolia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-148910/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Serap Alsancak ◽

Senem Güner ◽

Enver Guven ◽

Ali Özgün ◽

Yunis Akkaş ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Anatolia ◽

Foot Deformities ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Anthropometric Data ◽

Pes Cavus ◽

Pes Planus ◽

Foot Length ◽

The Relationship ◽

Age And Sex

Abstract Background: Information on the foot structures of Central Anatolian children is limited. Foot structures of children aged 6−10 years were shown to be different according to sex and increasing age.Objective: This study aimed to compare the foot anthropometric values by age and sex and collect the foot anthropometric data to reveal the relationship between pes planus and pes cavus in the arches of children according to age.Methods: Footprints of 335 children (180 boys and 155 girls) aged 6−10 years were taken by the foot-print method and evaluated using 18 different parameters. To examine the relationship between the parameters, normality values were examined. Independent samples t-test was used to analyze sex differences in terms of foot size and shape.Results: Correlations between other parameters were determined using the correlations analysis method. TFL (Truncated foot length), metatarsal circumference, and foot length were strongly correlated with age in the children. Foot rotation increased with body mass index in the girls compared to that in the boys.Conclusions: Planning shoe production accordingly will contribute to the development of healthy feet in children. This article focused on foot structures of in Central Anatolia and to identify early foot deformities in children. This study found that the length of the TFL was smaller in boys than in girls.

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Effect of barefoot walking on foot arch structure in Tribal children

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/ajms.v7i5.15241 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 108-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shanmukha Varalakshmi Vangara ◽

Patnaik VV Gopichand ◽

Minu Bedi ◽

Nidhi Puri

Keyword(s):

Andhra Pradesh ◽

Weight Bearing ◽

Foot Deformities ◽

Age Group ◽

Pes Cavus ◽

Pes Planus ◽

Human Foot ◽

Foot Length ◽

Foot Arch ◽

Arch Structure

Background: The anatomy of human foot owes its adaptation to bipedal locomotion. Support and propulsion are the two main activities of foot which are possible due to segmental nature of foot. Bony architecture contributes to the arches of foot. Continuous stress put on the foot during childhood is expected to have changes in developing bone morphology. Pes planus and pes cavus are the two major foot deformities involving medial longitudinal arch.Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pes planus and pes cavus among tribal children of Andhra Pradesh state in India.Materials and Methods: A sample size of 360 healthy tribal children, between the age group of 3-15 years, was randomly selected from Andhra Pradesh State. Anthropometric variables such as standing height and weight, foot length and width were measured. Height was measured using measuring tape and weight using weighing scale. Foot length and foot width were measured using osteometric board. BMI was calculated using the formula BMI= (weight (kg)*10000)/(height(cm))2. Static foot prints of both feet were taken on graph sheets in both weight bearing and non weight bearing conditions. Arch index proposed by Cavanagh and Rodgers was followed to measure Medial longitudinal arch (MLA). MLA was classifed AI≤0.21 as pes cavus, AI=0.21-0.26 as normal foot and AI≥0.26 pes cavus.Results: Incidence of pes cavus was found to be higher than pes planus. Overall prevalence of pes planus was 26.4% & 25.6% while pes cavus was 58.9% & 66.7% for right and left foot respectively. Pes planus at 3-4 year age group was 60% and 63.3% which decreased to 16.7% and 30% at 14-15 year age group for right and left foot respectively. Pes cavus at 3-4 year age group was 33.3% and 33.3% while at 14-15 year age group was 76.7% and 66.7% for right and left foot respectively.Conclusion: Pes cavus was found to be high among 3-15 year children. Age and gender were associated with foot arch structure. External factors like ethnic variations, hilly areas, bare foot walking; climbing trees might have a great role in infl uencing foot arch structure. Alteration from normal foot structure may infl uence the gait and lead to different injury patterns.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 108-116

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The Evaluation of Radiologic Angular Measurements in Patients with Foot Pain

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/18-119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 110 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Gulnihal Deniz ◽

Arzu Kaya ◽

Zubeyde Ercan ◽

Ahmet Kavakli ◽

Murat Ogeturk

Keyword(s):

High Rate ◽

Foot Deformities ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Foot Pain ◽

Pes Cavus ◽

Pes Planus ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Calcaneal Spur ◽

Angular Measurements ◽

The Right

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between foot deformities by comparing foot radiographs of patients with complaints of foot pain with those of healthy individuals. Methods The study included 30 patients with pes cavus, 30 patients with pes planus, 30 patients with calcaneal spur, and 30 controls aged 30 to 60 years. All participants underwent measurement of right and left foot length; metatarsophalangeal width; and calcaneal pitch (CA), talohorizontal (TA), talometatarsal (TM), and lateral talocalcaneal (LTC) angles from lateral radiographs. Results There were no statistically significant differences between all participants regarding sex, age, weight, and body mass index (P > .05). Among patients with clinically diagnosed pes cavus, the diagnostic rate of CA was 100% in both feet, and 83.3% in the right foot and 96.7% in the left foot according to the TM angle. The diagnostic rates of angular measurements in patients with pes planus were as follows: 20% in the right foot and 30% in the left foot depending on the CA angle, 100% in both feet depending on the TM angle, and 66.7% in the right foot and 46.7% in the left foot depending on the LTC angle. A very strong positive correlation was found between the CA and LTC angles in patients with calcaneal spur and pes planus (P < .001); also, statistically significant positive correlation was found between the CA and TA angles (P < .05). The angular measurements in patients with calcaneal spur were found to be consistent with pes planus with a high rate. Conclusions Angular changes caused by deterioration of foot biomechanics lead to various deformities. Pes planus ranks first among these. Therefore, we believe that radiographic angular measurements in patients presenting with foot pain in addition to clinical evaluation would be useful in considering associated deformities and planning treatments.

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Influence of running shoe type on distribution and magnitude of plantar pressures among those with pes planus or pes cavus feet

Clinical Biomechanics ◽

10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2008.03.053 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 708-709 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joseph M. Molloy ◽

Nancy S. Yeykal ◽

Bradley S. Tragord ◽

Matthew S. Neal ◽

Eric S. Nelson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pes Cavus ◽

Pes Planus ◽

Plantar Pressures

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Plantar pressure relief in pes cavus and pes planus: smart passive gait retraining using deformable insoles

Footwear Science ◽

10.1080/19424280.2019.1606060 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (sup1) ◽

pp. S28-S29

Author(s):

Fatemeh Farhadi ◽

Shane Johnson

Keyword(s):

Plantar Pressure ◽

Gait Retraining ◽

Pressure Relief ◽

Pes Cavus ◽

Pes Planus

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Pes cavus and hereditary neuropathies: when a relationship should be suspected

Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1007/s10195-010-0114-y ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 195-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. Piazza ◽

G. Ricci ◽

E. Caldarazzo Ienco ◽

C. Carlesi ◽

L. Volpi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Neuropathy ◽

Foot Deformities ◽

Peripheral Neuropathies ◽

Pes Cavus ◽

Molecular Features ◽

Distal Muscle ◽

Hammer Toes ◽

The Common ◽

Hereditary Peripheral Neuropathy ◽

Intrinsic Muscles

Abstract The hereditary peripheral neuropathies are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of diseases of the peripheral nervous system. Foot deformities, including the common pes cavus, but also hammer toes and twisting of the ankle, are frequently present in patients with hereditary peripheral neuropathy, and often represent one of the first signs of the disease. Pes cavus in hereditary peripheral neuropathies is caused by imbalance between the intrinsic muscles of the foot and the muscles of the leg. Accurate clinical evaluation in patients with pes cavus is necessary to exclude or confirm the presence of peripheral neuropathy. Hereditary peripheral neuropathies should be suspected in those cases with bilateral foot deformities, in the presence of family history for pes cavus and/or gait impairment, and in the presence of neurological symptoms or signs, such as distal muscle hypotrophy of limbs. Herein, we review the hereditary peripheral neuropathies in which pes cavus plays a key role as a “spy sign,” discussing the clinical and molecular features of these disorders to highlight the importance of pes cavus as a helpful clinical sign in these rare diseases.

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Metatarsal Shape and Foot Type: A Geometric Morphometric Analysis

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4035077 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 139 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Scott Telfer ◽

Matthew W. Kindig ◽

Bruce J. Sangeorzan ◽

William R. Ledoux

Keyword(s):

Morphometric Analysis ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Procrustes Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pes Cavus ◽

Pes Planus ◽

Geometric Morphometric ◽

Metatarsal Bones ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Geometric Morphometric Analysis

Planus and cavus foot types have been associated with an increased risk of pain and disability. Improving our understanding of the geometric differences between bones in different foot types may provide insights into injury risk profiles and have implications for the design of musculoskeletal and finite-element models. In this study, we performed a geometric morphometric analysis on the geometry of metatarsal bones from 65 feet, segmented from computed tomography (CT) scans. These were categorized into four foot types: pes cavus, neutrally aligned, asymptomatic pes planus, and symptomatic pes planus. Generalized procrustes analysis (GPA) followed by permutation tests was used to determine significant shape differences associated with foot type and sex, and principal component analysis was used to find the modes of variation for each metatarsal. Significant shape differences were found between foot types for all the metatarsals (p < 0.01), most notably in the case of the second metatarsal which showed significant pairwise differences across all the foot types. Analysis of the principal components of variation showed pes cavus bones to have reduced cross-sectional areas in the sagittal and frontal planes. The first (p = 0.02) and fourth metatarsals (p = 0.003) were found to have significant sex-based differences, with first metatarsals from females shown to have reduced width, and fourth metatarsals from females shown to have reduced frontal and sagittal plane cross-sectional areas. Overall, these findings suggest that metatarsal bones have distinct morphological characteristics that are associated with foot type and sex, with implications for our understanding of anatomy and numerical modeling of the foot.

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Effects of Two Foot-Ankle Interventions on Foot Structure, Function, and Balance Ability in Obese People with Pes Planus

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9060667 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 667

Author(s):

Du-Jin Park ◽

Kyung-Sun Lee ◽

Se-Yeon Park

Keyword(s):

Controlled Trial ◽

Plantar Fascia ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Foot Deformities ◽

Obese People ◽

Pes Planus ◽

Flat Feet ◽

Foot Arch ◽

Balance Ability ◽

Ankle Strength

Obese people are prone to foot deformities such as flat feet. Foot management programs are important to prevent them. This study investigated the effects of two foot-ankle interventions on balance ability, foot arch, ankle strength, plantar fascia thickness, and foot functions in obese people with pes planus for four weeks. The experiment was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Twenty-four participants who met the inclusion criteria were selected, and they were randomly assigned to either a short foot group (SFG) or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation group (PNFG) according to foot-ankle intervention. Two interventions were commenced three times a week for 20 min over four weeks. The tests were conducted at two intervals: pre-intervention and at four weeks. The tests were conducted in the following order: the patient-specific functional scale test (PSFS), an ultrasound of the plantar fascia, the navicular drop test, balance test, and the four-way ankle strength test. Two groups showed significant differences in balance ability, foot arch, ankle strength, plantar fascia thickness, and foot functions between pre-test and post-test (p < 0.05). PNFG had significantly higher dorsiflexor and invertor strength than SFG (p < 0.05). SF and PNF interventions were effective to improve balance ability, foot arch, ankle strength, plantar fascia thickness, and foot functions in obese people with pes planus. Additionally, PNF intervention is more beneficial in increasing the dorsiflexor and invertor strength compared to SF intervention.

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Role of plantar aponeurosis in the formation of cavus component in recurrent congenital equinocavovarus deformity

TRAUMA ◽

10.22141/1608-1706.6.21.2020.223886 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

pp. 33-40

Author(s):

S.O. Khmyzov ◽

G.V. Kykosh ◽

M.Yu. Karpinsky

Keyword(s):

Conservative Treatment ◽

Tensile Force ◽

Foot Deformities ◽

Childhood Disability ◽

Initial Length ◽

Arch Height ◽

Pes Cavus ◽

Plantar Aponeurosis ◽

Longitudinal Arch

Background. Congenital equinocavovarus deformity (CECVD) is the second most frequent among all congenital disorders of the musculoskeletal system in children, and one of the most common causes of childhood disability in Ukraine. The incidence of CECVD reaches 1–3 cases per 1,000 newborns (35–40 % of all foot deformities). According to some authors, plantar fasciotomy can improve the shape and function of support and walking in these patients. The purpose was to determine the role of plantar aponeurosis in the formation of the cavus component in cases of recurrent CECVD in children. Material and methods. Mathematical researches were carried out using the graph-analytical method. Results. To reduce the arch height when correcting pes cavus, it is necessary to increase significantly the length of the aponeurosis (up to 25 % of its initial length). To perform this task, a significant tensile force must be applied to the aponeurosis, the value of which depends on the magnitude of a decrease in the arch height. So, to reduce the arch height by 10 mm, it is necessary to lengthen the aponeurosis by 12 mm, for which a constant force of 932 N must be applied to it. To reduce the arch height by 20 mm, the magnitude of the tensile force applied to the aponeurosis must be increased to 1,438 N, which is almost impossible. Therefore, the presence of a shortened aponeurosis is a significant obstacle for the effective correction of pes cavus. Conclusions. Correction of pes cavus requires a significant decrease in the height of its longitudinal arch, which leads to a significant lengthening of the aponeurosis, up to 25 % of its initial length. To ensure an increase in the length of the aponeurosis, the presence of a significant constant tensile force that exceeds 1000 N is necessary. Plantar aponeurosis plays a direct role in supporting the longitudinal arch of the foot, and is one of the causes for the persistence of pes cavus in patients with recurrent CECVD, which does not respond to conservative treatment. To correct cavus foot, in the failure of conservative treatment, it is necessary to lengthen it by surgical intervention (intersection). The value of the angle of the longitudinal arch of the foot of 110° can be chosen as a criterion for choosing a decision in favor of preserving or resection of the aponeurosis.

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