scholarly journals MONOZYGOTIC VS. DIZYGOTIC TWIN BEHAVIOR IN ARTIFICIAL MOUSE TWINS

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-477
Author(s):  
E Baunack ◽  
U Falk ◽  
K Gärtner
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Inbred Mice ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Dizygotic Twins ◽  
Copulatory Pattern ◽  
Early Ontogenetic Stage ◽  
Intromission Latency ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACT Adult inbred mice of an isogenic strain (AKR/NHan or C57BL/6J Han) differ in social (sexual and agonistic), emotional and psychomotoric behavior, depending on the kind of manipulation to which they were subjected at an early ontogenetic stage. Monozygotic twins (MZT) from eight-cell stages halved and transferred to uterine foster mothers were compared with dizygotic twins (DZT) from nonreduced but transferred eight-cell stages and with naturally born animals (NBA). Generally, early embryonic conditions predict the behavioral characteristics of the adult animals to a high degree. The MZT are motorially less active, less emotional, less aggressive and less socially interested than DZT and NBA. In tests of spontaneous social behavior (allogrooming, anogenital licking, mounting, fighting), as well as in tests for emotionality (open field: crossed fields and defecation), these behavioral patterns occurred less frequently in MZT than in DZT; the NBA were mostly intermediate. The copulatory pattern of male MZT differs from that of male DZT by a shortage of intromission latency and duration; furthermore, MZT pairs do not build up a steady rank order in competitive copulation tests, as opposed to DZT and NBA pairs. In a test for psychomotoric behavior (swimming), the MZT prefer "floating" as a survival strategy, wheras the DZT and NBA prefer "adult swimming." Therefore, it can be concluded that these behavioral differences may be caused by the particular psychosocial environment in which the twins grow up or may be due to early prenatal peculiarities, such as inadequate synchronization of the developmental status of uterus and embryo.

Geographic Variation in Behavior

1999 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Behavioral Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Wide Range

Studies of animal behavior often assume that all members of a species exhibit the same behavior. Geographic Variation in Behavior shows that, on the contrary, there is substantional variation within species across a wide range of taxa. Including work from pioneers in the field, this volume provides a balanced overview of research on behavioral characteristics that vary geographically. The authors explore the mechanisms by which behavioral differences evolve and examine related methodological issues. Taken together, the work collected here demonstrates that genetically based geographic variation may be far more widespread than previously suspected. The book also shows how variation in behavior can illuminate both behavioral evolution and general evolutionary patterns. Unique among books on behavior in its emphasis on geographic variation, this volume is a valuable new resource for students and researchers in animal behavior and evolutionary biology.

scholarly journals Individualized VDJ recombination predisposes the available Ig sequence space

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Slabodkin ◽  
Maria Chernigovskaya ◽  
Ivana Mikocziova ◽  
Rahmad Akbar ◽  
Lonneke Scheffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Space ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Inbred Mice ◽  
Individualized Medicine ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Antigen Recognition ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Vdj Recombination ◽  
Individual Comparison

The process of recombination between variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) immunoglobulin (Ig) gene segments determines an individual's naive Ig repertoire, and consequently (auto)antigen recognition. VDJ recombination follows probabilistic rules that can be modeled statistically. So far, it remains unknown whether VDJ recombination rules differ between individuals. If these rules differed, identical (auto)antigen-specific Ig sequences would be generated with individual-specific probabilities, signifying that the available Ig sequence space is individual-specific. We devised a sensitivity-tested distance measure that enables inter-individual comparison of VDJ recombination models. We discovered, accounting for several sources of noise as well as allelic variation in Ig sequencing data, that not only unrelated individuals but also human monozygotic twins and even inbred mice possess statistically distinguishable immunoglobulin recombination models. This suggests that, in addition to genetic, there is also non-genetic modulation of VDJ recombination. We demonstrate that population-wide individualized VDJ recombination can result in orders of magnitude of difference in the probability to generate (auto)antigen-specific Ig sequences. Our findings have implications for immune receptor-based individualized medicine approaches relevant to vaccination, infection, and autoimmunity.

Treasured Objects in School-Aged Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-386
Author(s):  
Miriam Sherman ◽  
Margaret Hertzig ◽  
Rochelle Austrian ◽  
Theodore Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Parental Attitudes ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Object Attachment ◽  
Object Use ◽  
Soft Objects ◽  
History Of

Infants and young children often form tenacious, persistent attachments to soft objects. No investigation has focused, specifically, on an older school-aged population. Data were collected from parents of 171 normal children between 9 and 13 years of age from the middle to upper socioeconomic class. The study (1) compared current behavioral characteristics of children with or without a history of attachment; (2) compared the current behavioral characteristics of the children who have or have not maintained that attachment; (3) explored the relationship between parental attitudes and the persistence or disappearance of the object; and (4) explored family demographics and object use among siblings. Approximately half (54%) had formed an attachment to an object in infancy. Of the group of "users" approximately half kept it until age 9 years (49%). There were no significant behavioral differences among those children who were or were not attached to an object, or among those children who continued to use a soft object after age 9 years compared to those who never used one at all. Parents felt they had little to do, directly, with their child's relinquishing the object. Sibling use, the number of siblings, ordinal rank of the child, parents' marital status, sex of the child, and history of thumbsucking were all unrelated to object attachment.

scholarly journals Dentofacial Characteristics among Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twin Pairs from a Unique Village of Twins in South India: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 025-028
Author(s):  
Praveen Jodalli ◽  
Ganesh Panchmal ◽  
Vinej Somaraj ◽  
Shafees Koya
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Dizygotic Twins ◽  
Cast Analysis ◽  
Dental Cast

Abstract Aim: To assess the dentofacial characteristics of a mystery village of twins in South India. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among of 22 twin pairs (10 monozygotic twins and 12 dizygotic twins). The evaluation was done in terms of height, weight, dentofacial profile, and occlusion status based on anthropometric, photographic, and dental cast analysis. Results: Data obtained upon analysis of anthropometric measurements, photographic data, and dental cast evaluation revealed a set of characteristics peculiar to the twins of this unique village. Conclusion: Twin studies are a fascinating method of research because of their ability to correctly isolate a characteristic and determine its impact, especially in terms of dentofacial characteristics. Clinical significance: Twin research design involving the comparison of variables among monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins is a method by which researchers quantify and classify the contribution of genes and other extraneous factors influencing heredity on the dentofacial complex and dentition.

scholarly journals Evidence for Genetic Factors Explaining the Association Between Birth Weight and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Possible Intrauterine Factors Influencing the Association Between Birth Weight and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Analysis in Twins

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. 5479-5484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. IJzerman ◽  
Coen D. A. Stehouwer ◽  
Mirjam M. van Weissenbruch ◽  
Eco J. de Geus ◽  
Dorret I. Boomsma
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Apolipoprotein B ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Dizygotic Twins

Recent studies have demonstrated an association between low weight at birth and an atherogenic lipid profile in later life. To examine the influences of intrauterine and genetic factors, we investigated 53 dizygotic and 61 monozygotic adolescent twin pairs. Regression analysis demonstrated that low birth weight was associated with high levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (−0.17 mmol/liter per kg, P = 0.07; −0.18 mmol/liter per kg, P = 0.04; and− 0.07 g/liter per kg, P = 0.02, respectively) and with low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (+0.04 mmol/liter per kg, P = 0.1), after adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index. Intrapair differences in birth weight were significantly associated with differences in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B in dizygotic twins after adjustment for differences in current body mass index (−0.49 mmol/liter per kg, P = 0.02; −0.51 mmol/liter per kg, P = 0.01; and −0.10 g/liter per kg, P = 0.04, respectively), demonstrating that the larger the difference in birth weight, the higher these risk factors in the twin with the lower birth weight, compared with the cotwin with the higher birth weight. In monozygotic twins, however, the associations between intrapair differences in birth weight and differences in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B were in the opposite direction (+0.32 mmol/liter per kg, P = 0.03; +0.23 mmol/liter per kg, P = 0.08; and +0.06 g/liter per kg, P = 0.04, respectively). The association between intrapair differences in birth weight and differences in HDL cholesterol was not significant in dizygotic twins (+0.04 mmol/liter per kg, P = 0.6) and of borderline significance in monozygotic twins (+0.11 mmol/liter per kg, P = 0.05). These data suggest that genetic factors account for the association of low birth weight with high levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B, whereas intrauterine factors possibly play a role in the association between birth weight and HDL cholesterol.

Electroencephalographic Study of Mentally Retarded Twins

1976 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
Takao Hattori
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Concordance Rate ◽  
Dizygotic Twins ◽  
Electroencephalographic Study

The EEGs of twenty-five pairs of twins, one or both of whom were mentally retarded, were studied. The concordance rate for mental retardation in monozygotic twins was higher than that in dizygotic twins. The vast majority of cases of mental retardation were considered to be caused by genotype but some exogenous causes were observed in discordant monozygotic twins. Paroxysmal discharges in the EEG especially those of centrencephalic type were suspected to be bio-electrical expressions of a transmissible cerebral susceptibility which may easily lead to intellectual deterioration by brain damage or epilepsy.

The genetic background of circadian and ultradian rhythm patterns of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids: a cross-twin study

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Reinberg ◽  
Y. Touitou ◽  
A. Restoin ◽  
C. Migraine ◽  
F. Levi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Twin Study ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Ultradian Rhythm ◽  
Ultradian Rhythms ◽  
Dizygotic Twins ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Time Series Analyses

ABSTRACT Circadian and ultradian rhythms in urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were documented individually during an 8-day span in two pairs of young male twins. Studies were performed once at the age of 6 years for dizygotic twins and twice at the ages of 4·3 and 10·3 years for monozygotic twins. Four different methods were used for time-series analyses: chronograms (raw data), best-fitting curves resulting from cosinor analyses, power spectra and correlations of time-qualified data. Estimates of rhythm parameters (prominent periods, acrophases, etc.) as well as shapes of curves were closer in mono- than in dizygotic twins. Both similarities and small differences in rhythm characteristics of monozygotic twins were detected at both ages considered. J. Endocr. (1985) 105, 247–253

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document