scholarly journals Genetic and Molecular Analysis of the Spm-dependent a-m2 Alleles of the Maize a Locus

Genetics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-137
Author(s):  
Patrick Masson ◽  
Richard Surosky ◽  
Jeffrey A Kingsbury ◽  
Nina V Fedoroff
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transposable Element ◽  
Gene Product ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Transposable Element Family ◽  
Genetic Organization ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Negative Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT The Suppressor-mutator (Spm) transposable element family of maize consists of the fully functional standard Spm (Spm-s) and many mutant elements. Insertion of an Spm element in or near a gene can markedly alter its expression, in some cases bringing the gene under the control of the mechanisms that regulate expression of the element. To gain insight into such mechanisms, as well as to enlarge our understanding of the Spm element's genetic organization, we have analyzed derivatives of a unique Spm insertion at the maize a locus in which the gene is co-expressed and co-regulated with the element. We describe the genetic properties and the structure of the a locus and Spm element in 9 strains (collectively designated the a-m2 alleles) selected by McClintock from the original a-m2 allele for heritable changes affecting either the Spm element or expression of the a gene. Most of the mutations are intra-element deletions within the 8.3-kb Spm element; many alter both Spm function and expression of the gene. Spm controls a gene expression in alleles with internally deleted, transposition-defective Spm elements and element ends contain the target sequences that mediate Spm's ability to activate expression of the gene. We argue that the properties of the a-m2 alleles reflect the operation of an element-encoded positive regulatory mechanism, as well as a negative regulatory mechanism that affects expression of the element, but appears not to be mediated by an element-encoded gene product.

scholarly journals Molecular analysis of hybrid dysgenesis-induced derivatives of a P-element allele at the vg locus.

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1489-1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Williams ◽  
S S Pappu ◽  
J B Bell
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Hybrid Dysgenesis ◽  
P Element ◽  
Transcriptional Interference ◽  
Element Insertion ◽  
Insertion Allele ◽  
Derivatives Of

Secondary and tertiary derivatives of a P-element insertion allele at the vestigial (vg) locus were induced by hybrid dysgenesis. The derivatives were characterized by Southern analyses and, in four cases, by DNA sequencing. The alterations found were P-element internal deletions, deletions of the insert and/or adjacent vg region DNA, or novel insertions of P-element sequences into existing P-element inserts. The relatively high frequency of secondary insertions into P-element sequences observed herein is unusual, since secondary insertions have seldom been recovered in other dysgenic screens. The effects of the alleles on vg expression were determined. The results are consistent with a model in which the insertions disrupt vg gene expression by transcriptional interference.

Chromatin structure in a region of a yeast transposable element regulating adjacent gene expression

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 392-398
Author(s):  
W. J. Feaver ◽  
R. E. Pearlman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transposable Element ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Micrococcal Nuclease ◽  
Adjacent Gene ◽  
Junction Region ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Nucleosomal Structure ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
His4 Gene

The chromatin structure of a portion of yeast transposable elements known to be responsible for regulation of the expression of the adjacent HIS4 gene has been investigated, using the nuclease probe micrococcal nuclease. Yeast strains containing Ty917 or derivatives of this element that possess either a His−, weak His+, or strong His+ phenotype were examined. The chromatin at the Ty/HIS4 junction region was accessible to micrococcal nuclease. A partial nucleosome ladder was observed upon digestion with micrococcal nuclease indicating the presence of three phased nucleosomes located in Ty sequences upstream of the HIS4 gene. Phased nucleosomes could not be detected upstream of the HIS4 gene in wild-type cells. These data suggest that nucleosomal structure is not a major contributor to Ty917-regulated adjacent gene expression at HIS4.Key words: micrococcal nuclease, chromatin structure, transposable element, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, HIS4.

Molecular analysis of hybrid dysgenesis-induced derivatives of a P-element allele at the vg locus

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1489-1497
Author(s):  
J A Williams ◽  
S S Pappu ◽  
J B Bell
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Hybrid Dysgenesis ◽  
P Element ◽  
Transcriptional Interference ◽  
Element Insertion ◽  
Insertion Allele ◽  
Derivatives Of

Secondary and tertiary derivatives of a P-element insertion allele at the vestigial (vg) locus were induced by hybrid dysgenesis. The derivatives were characterized by Southern analyses and, in four cases, by DNA sequencing. The alterations found were P-element internal deletions, deletions of the insert and/or adjacent vg region DNA, or novel insertions of P-element sequences into existing P-element inserts. The relatively high frequency of secondary insertions into P-element sequences observed herein is unusual, since secondary insertions have seldom been recovered in other dysgenic screens. The effects of the alleles on vg expression were determined. The results are consistent with a model in which the insertions disrupt vg gene expression by transcriptional interference.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Cultivated and Wild Ginseng in Different Growth Years Revealed the Regulatory Mechanism of Ginsenosides

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxue Fang ◽  
Manqi Wang ◽  
Xinteng Zhou ◽  
Huan Wang ◽  
Huaying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Wrky Transcription Factors ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Wild Ginseng

Abstract Background: As a famous Chinese medicine, ginseng has been used in the world for nearly 5,000 years. Wild ginseng is endangered due to environmental damage. Thus, cultivated ginseng is developed to replace wild ginseng. The morphological and physiological characteristics of both wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng change during growth, and the mechanism of this change is not yet understood. Results: This study performed transcriptome sequencing on the roots, stems and leaves of cultivated ginseng and wild ginseng with different growth years, exploring the effect of growth years on gene expression in ginseng. The number of DEGs in cultivated ginseng is more than that in wild ginseng. Based on the weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we found that the growth years significantly affected the gene expression of MAPK signaling pathway - plant and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway in cultivated ginseng, but had no effects in wild ginseng. Furthermore, the growth years had significant effects on the genes related to ginsenoside synthesis in cultivated ginseng, and the effects were different in the roots, stems and leaves. However, it had little influence on the expression of genes related to ginsenoside synthesis in wild ginseng and no effect on leaves. These results showed wild ginseng was less affected by growth years than cultivated ginseng. Furthermore, HMGR, SS, DXS, DS, IspF, AACT, CYP450 and UGTs were related with MYB, NAC, AP2/ERF, bHLH and WRKY transcription factors. Growth years may regulate genes for ginsenoside synthesis by influencing these transcription factors, thereby affecting the content of ginsenosides.Conclusions: This study complemented the gaps in the genetic information of wild ginseng in different growth periods and different tissues and provided a new insight into the mechanism of ginsenoside regulation.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Cultivated and Wild Ginseng in Different Growth Years Revealed the Regulatory Mechanism of Ginsenosides

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxue Fang ◽  
Manqi Wang ◽  
Xinteng Zhou ◽  
Huan Wang ◽  
Huaying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Wrky Transcription Factors ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Wild Ginseng

Abstract Background: As a famous Chinese medicine, ginseng has been used in the world for nearly 5,000 years. Wild ginseng is endangered due to environmental damage. Thus, cultivated ginseng is developed to replace wild ginseng. The morphological and physiological characteristics of both wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng change during growth, and the mechanism of this change is not yet understood. Results: This study performed transcriptome sequencing on the roots, stems and leaves of cultivated ginseng and wild ginseng with different growth years, exploring the effect of growth years on gene expression in ginseng. The number of DEGs in cultivated ginseng is more than that in wild ginseng. Based on the weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we found that the growth years significantly affected the gene expression of MAPK signaling pathway - plant and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway in cultivated ginseng, but had no effects in wild ginseng. Furthermore, the growth years had significant effects on the genes related to ginsenoside synthesis in cultivated ginseng, and the effects were different in the roots, stems and leaves. However, it had little influence on the expression of genes related to ginsenoside synthesis in wild ginseng and no effect on leaves. These results showed wild ginseng was less affected by growth years than cultivated ginseng. Furthermore, HMGR, SS, DXS, DS, IspF, AACT, CYP450 and UGTs were related with MYB, NAC, AP2/ERF, bHLH and WRKY transcription factors. Growth years may regulate genes for ginsenoside synthesis by influencing these transcription factors, thereby affecting the content of ginsenosides. Conclusions: This study complemented the gaps in the genetic information of wild ginseng in different growth periods and different tissues and provided a new insight into the mechanism of ginsenoside regulation.

Nanoparticle-plasma Membrane Interactions: Thermodynamics, Toxicity and Cellular Response

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (20) ◽  
pp. 3330-3345
Author(s):  
Ana G. Rodríguez-Hernández ◽  
Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt ◽  
Alejandro Huerta-Saquero
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Membrane Interactions ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Cellular Physiology ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Insight Into

Nanomaterials have become part of our daily lives, particularly nanoparticles contained in food, water, cosmetics, additives and textiles. Nanoparticles interact with organisms at the cellular level. The cell membrane is the first protective barrier against the potential toxic effect of nanoparticles. This first contact, including the interaction between the cell membranes -and associated proteins- and the nanoparticles is critically reviewed here. Nanoparticles, depending on their toxicity, can cause cellular physiology alterations, such as a disruption in cell signaling or changes in gene expression and they can trigger immune responses and even apoptosis. Additionally, the fundamental thermodynamics behind the nanoparticle-membrane and nanoparticle-proteins-membrane interactions are discussed. The analysis is intended to increase our insight into the mechanisms involved in these interactions. Finally, consequences are reviewed and discussed.

scholarly journals Gene Expression and Carcass Traits Are Different between Different Quality Grade Groups in Red-Faced Hereford Steers

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1910
Author(s):  
Bailey Engle ◽  
Molly Masters ◽  
Jane Ann Boles ◽  
Jennifer Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Lower Shear ◽  
The Us ◽  
Quality Grade ◽  
Longissimus Lumborum ◽  
Muscle Biochemistry ◽  
Marbling Deposition ◽  
Insight Into

Fat deposition is important to carcass value and some palatability characteristics. Carcasses with higher USDA quality grades produce more value for producers and processors in the US system and are more likely to have greater eating satisfaction. Using genomics to identify genes impacting marbling deposition provides insight into muscle biochemistry that may lead to ways to better predict fat deposition, especially marbling and thus quality grade. Hereford steers (16) were managed the same from birth through harvest after 270 days on feed. Samples were obtained for tenderness and transcriptome profiling. As expected, steaks from Choice carcasses had a lower shear force value than steaks from Select carcasses; however, steaks from Standard carcasses were not different from steaks from Choice carcasses. A significant number of differentially expressed (DE) genes was observed in the longissimus lumborum between Choice and Standard carcass RNA pools (1257 genes, p < 0.05), but not many DE genes were observed between Choice and Select RNA pools. Exploratory analysis of global muscle tissue transcriptome from Standard and Choice carcasses provided insight into muscle biochemistry, specifically the upregulation of extracellular matrix development and focal adhesion pathways and the downregulation of RNA processing and metabolism in Choice versus Standard. Additional research is needed to explore the function and timing of gene expression changes.

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