Research on application of ReliefF and improved RVM in water quality grade evaluation

ReliefF algorithm was used to analyze the weight of each water quality evaluation factor, and then based on the Relevance Vector Machine (RVM), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was used to optimize the kernel width factor and hyperparameters of RVM to build a water quality evaluation model, and the experimental results of RVM, PSO-RVM, ReliefF-RVM and PSO-ReliefF-RVM were compared. The results show that ReliefF algorithm, combined with threshold value, selects 5 evaluation factors with significant weight from 8 evaluation factors, which reduces the amount of data used in the model, CSI index is used to calculate the separability of each evaluation factor combination. The results show that the overall separability of the combination is best when the evaluation factor with significant weight is reserved. When different water quality evaluation factors were included, the evaluation accuracy of PSO-ReliefF-RVM model reached 95.74%, 14.23% higher than that of RVM model, which verified the effectiveness of PSO algorithm and ReliefF algorithm, and had a higher guiding significance for the study of water quality grade evaluation. It has good practical application value.

Experimental and Numerical Studies of Stress Distribution in an Expanding Pin Joint System

Pin joints are widely used mechanisms in different industrial machineries such as aircrafts, cranes, ships, and offshore drilling equipment providing a joint with possibility of relative rotation about one single axis. The rigidity of the joint and its service lifetime depend on the clamping force in the contact region that is provided by the applied torque. However, due to the tolerance needed for insertion of a pin in the equipment support bore, the pin is prone to relative displacement inside the bore. The amplitude of this relative displacement usually increases as time passes and since the material of the support often has lower quality grade than the pin, it leads to creation of slack in the equipment and malfunctioning of the machine. An Expanding Pin System (EPS) can be a solution to this problem where the split sleeve expands to remove the gap while the joint is torqued. Therefore, slack in the joint system disappears and 360° contact area could be achieved, providing a better stress distribution and preventing the stress localization. Determining the EPS preload and the resulting contact pressure and stresses in the joint parts are important to avoid damaging to the contact surfaces of the joints and making the dismantling of the EPS difficult. Therefore, finding the amount of the required torque is a compromise between preventing slack in the EPS and prohibiting damage to the joint parts. Stress analysis in this study is performed based on the industrially recommended torque for the EPS type under study. This article reports the study conducted on the stress distribution and the magnitude of stresses exerted to the equipment support when EPS is installed on the machine. To achieve this purpose and to investigate the stress distribution in the joint, both experimental and finite element (FE) methods were used. The experimental results show how much of the applied energy to the EPS in the form of torque is spent to expand the split sleeve and test boss and also to overcome friction. The finite element analysis provides magnitude and distribution of stresses in the EPS components.

Diets for weight management in adults with type 2 diabetes: an umbrella review of published meta-analyses and systematic review of trials of diets for diabetes remission

Aims/hypothesis Weight reduction is fundamental for type 2 diabetes management and remission, but uncertainty exists over which diet type is best to achieve and maintain weight loss. We evaluated dietary approaches for weight loss, and remission, in people with type 2 diabetes to inform practice and clinical guidelines. Methods First, we conducted a systematic review of published meta-analyses of RCTs of weight-loss diets. We searched MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, up to 7 May 2021. We synthesised weight loss findings stratified by diet types and assessed meta-analyses quality with A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) 2. We assessed certainty of pooled results of each meta-analysis using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) (PROSPERO CRD42020169258). Second, we conducted a systematic review of any intervention studies reporting type 2 diabetes remission with weight-loss diets, in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, up to 10 May 2021. Findings were synthesised by diet type and study quality (Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0 and Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies – of Interventions [ROBINS-I]), with GRADE applied (PROSPERO CRD42020208878). Results We identified 19 meta-analyses of weight-loss diets, involving 2–23 primary trials (n = 100–1587), published 2013–2021. Twelve were ‘critically low’ or ‘low’ AMSTAR 2 quality, with seven ‘high’ quality. Greatest weight loss was reported with very low energy diets, 1.7–2.1 MJ/day (400–500 kcal) for 8–12 weeks (high-quality meta-analysis, GRADE low), achieving 6.6 kg (95% CI −9.5, −3.7) greater weight loss than low-energy diets (4.2–6.3 MJ/day [1000–1500 kcal]). Formula meal replacements (high quality, GRADE moderate) achieved 2.4 kg (95% CI −3.3, −1.4) greater weight loss over 12–52 weeks. Low-carbohydrate diets were no better for weight loss than higher-carbohydrate/low-fat diets (high quality, GRADE high). High-protein, Mediterranean, high-monounsaturated-fatty-acid, vegetarian and low-glycaemic-index diets all achieved minimal (0.3–2 kg) or no difference from control diets (low to critically low quality, GRADE very low/moderate). For type 2 diabetes remission, of 373 records, 16 met inclusion criteria. Remissions at 1 year were reported for a median 54% of participants in RCTs including initial low-energy total diet replacement (low-risk-of-bias study, GRADE high), and 11% and 15% for meal replacements and Mediterranean diets, respectively (some concerns for risk of bias in studies, GRADE moderate/low). For ketogenic/very low-carbohydrate and very low-energy food-based diets, the evidence for remission (20% and 22%, respectively) has serious and critical risk of bias, and GRADE certainty is very low. Conclusions/interpretation Published meta-analyses of hypocaloric diets for weight management in people with type 2 diabetes do not support any particular macronutrient profile or style over others. Very low energy diets and formula meal replacement appear the most effective approaches, generally providing less energy than self-administered food-based diets. Programmes including a hypocaloric formula ‘total diet replacement’ induction phase were most effective for type 2 diabetes remission. Most of the evidence is restricted to 1 year or less. Well-conducted research is needed to assess longer-term impacts on weight, glycaemic control, clinical outcomes and diabetes complications. Graphical abstract

Cooking surface temperatures, steak thickness, and quality grade effects on volatile aroma compounds

Beef flavor attributes were evaluated in USDA TopChoice and Select beef top loin steaks cut 1.3 cm (THIN) or 3.8 cm (THICK) andcooked on a commercial flat top grill at 177˚C (LOW) or 232˚C (HIGH) grillsurface temperature. Gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry, was used toevaluate volatile aroma compounds.  USDASelect steaks had more 2-octene and less trimethyl pyrazine in (P<0.05) THINsteaks than THICK steaks, while Choice was unaffected by steak thickness(P>0.05).  Benzene acetaldehyde washigher and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was higher in Select LOW grill temperaturescompared to Select HIGH grill temperatures, while 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde was only present in Choice HIGH grill temperatures (P<0.05).Two acid, three alcohol, one aldehyde, one alkane, and one ketone volatilearoma compounds were higher (P<0.05) for LOW compared to HIGH.  Conversely, five alcohols, two aldehyde, twoalkane, all four furans, six ketones, four pyrazines, along with 1H-indole, twopyrroles, two pyridines, and one benzene aroma compounds were higher (P<0.05)in HIGH compared to LOW.  Additionally,one alcohol, two aldehydes, one ketones, one sulfur-containing, and six othervolatile compounds were lower, while one acid, one alcohol, one aldehyde, twofurans, one ketone, three pyrazine, one sulfur-containing, and one othervolatile compounds were higher in the THIN compared to THICK.  Some aroma compounds like 2-butanone,4-methyl-2-pentanone, 1-ethyl-1H-pyrrole, 1-methyl-1H-pyrrole, and2-methyl-pyridine were only present in THICK cooked HIGH (P<0.05). 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IS DR YOUTUBE GUIDING OUR PATIENTS WELL ON TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY? - AN ORTHOPAEDICIAN'S ANALYSIS

Background: Youtube has a become a popular platform for disseminating health-related information. The objectives of this study was to explore the educational quality of youtube videos pertaining to total knee arthroplasty. Material And Methods: Youtube search was done on 12 April 2021 for TKR related videos by using the following search terms total knee replacement, total knee arthroplasty, TKR, knee replacement. Data from 40 most relevant videos were collected. Quality assessment check list with the scale of 0-10 points were developed to evaluate the video content. On the basis of this, videos were grouped into poor quality (grade 0-3), acceptable quality (grade 4-7) and excellent quality (grade 8-10) respectively. Results: 92.5 % of videos were of poor educational quality (37/40), 7.5% were of acceptable quality (3/40) and none of the video were of excellent quality. Common missing information included discussion of operative complications and implant duration. Conclusion: The current study suggests that youtube is a poor education source for patients concerning knee arthroplasty.

95 Effects of Three Implant Programs on Growth Performance, Carcass Outcomes, and Weekly Activity Minutes of Finishing Steers Fed Different Days on Feed

This study evaluated the effects of a single slow-release implant compared to two re-implant programs administered at either 120 days on feed (DOF) or 80 days from harvest on performance, carcass characteristics, and activity of serially harvested feedlot cattle. Using a randomized complete block design, steers (n = 4,680) were randomly assigned to 72 pens and 1 of 12 treatments in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement. Treatments were either a slow-release implant (SR), an initial slow-release implant followed by re-implant at 120 DOF (SR+RI-120), or an initial slow-release implant followed by re-implant 80 days from harvest (SR+RI-80) administered to cattle harvested at 166, 180, 194, or 208 DOF. A 3-axis accelerometer ear-tag was used in a subset (n =1,080) of animals to quantify rumination time and activity. No interactions (P ≥ 0.09) were observed for implant × DOF. Implant did not affect (P ≥ 0.25) final BW, ADG, or DMI, but re-implanted steers had a greater (P < 0.01) G:F ratio than SR. Re-implanted steers also had greater (P ≤ 0.03) HCW, dressed yield, and ribeye area, but less (P < 0.01) backfat, marbling, and empty body fat (EBF) compared to SR. Re-implanted steers had less (P < 0.01) choice and yield grade 4 and 5 carcasses than SR steers. As DOF increased, HCW, dressed yield, backfat, marbling, and EBF increased linearly (P < 0.01). The percentage of choice and yield grade 4 and 5 carcasses also increased (P < 0.01) linearly with additional DOF. An implant × day effect (P < 0.01) for weekly activity minutes suggests re-implanted steers had greater activity after re-implant administration. Re-implanting within the payout period of a slow-release implant increases feed efficiency, HCW, dressed yield, and activity minutes, but decreases carcass fatness and reduces quality grade regardless of timing of secondary implant administration.

182 Economic Impact of Bale Grazing on Delayed Feedlot Entry Steer Performance, Carcass Measurement, and Net Return

Senturklu et al., (2018) defined merits of delayed feedlot entry while grazing in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS). In a three-year follow up study, yearling steers (n = 144) grazed either an ICLS or a native range system (NR). After 177.9 days, free-ranging ICLS and NR steers were fed cover crop hay bales 43.6 days to determine transition period bale-grazing on finishing performance, carcass measurements, and system net return. ICLS and NR gains did not differ (P = 0.24). ICLS 43.6-day bale grazing gain was greater (1.38 vs. 0.80 kg; P = 0.01). Feedlot arrival weight was greater for ICLS compared to NR (569.3 vs 530.1 kg; P = 0.04) and fed 95.7 days. Systems end weight (P = 0.19), gain (P = 0.57), ADG (P = 0.06), and gain cost (P = 0.71) did not differ. ICLS steer hot carcass weight (HCW: 444.8 vs. 419.2 kg; P = 0.03) and fat depth (1.35 vs. 1.17 cm; P = 0.04) were greater. NR steer dressing percent (62.48 vs. 61.83 %; P = 0.01) and muscling ratio to HCW (3.96 vs. 3.81 sq. cm.; P = 0.007) were greater. Choice quality grade did not differ (98.6 vs. 98.6; P = 1.00). Annual cow and steer winter feed cost were $752.00. ICLS grazing cost for NR was $115.30, pea-barley $74.98, unharvested corn $108.87, and cover crop $58.82 totaled $357.97 compared to $207.77 for the NR system. ICLS and NR steer bale and protein-energy supplement cost was $110.47 vs. 103.05, finishing cost $310.57 vs. 313.67 (P = 0.84), and total expense was lower for the NR system ($1531.01 vs. $1376.49). Carcass value was greater for the ICLS steers compared to NR steers ($2013.93 vs. $1921.67; P = 0.03). ICLS and NR systems’ net returns were ($482.92 vs. $545.18). NR system net return was $62.26 greater.

PSXIII-23 Influence of reproductive technologies on post weaning calf performance and carcass characteristics

The experiment objective was to evaluate the impact of assisted reproductive technologies on post weaning calf performance. Calves born following various reproductive treatments (synchronized natural service and synchronized AI) in 10 herds over 2 years were fed to reach a target backfat (BF) of 1.27 cm, sent to harvest, and carcass data collected. Calves were classified into calving groups as natural service born early (NS-Early, n = 189), natural service born late (NS-Late, n = 203), or AI sired born early (AI-Early, n = 116). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with calving group, year and calf gender in the model. Weaning weights were similar between AI-Early and NS-Early; however, earlier born calves (AI-Early and NS-Early) were heavier (P < 0.0001) than NS-Late. AI-Early calves had heavier finished bodyweight (622.2 kg: P = 0.0024) compared to NS-Early (601.4 kg) and heavier HCW compared to both NS-Early and NS-Late (P < 0.01). NS-Early calves reached 1.27 cm BF in fewer days than AI-Early (261 d and 275 d, respectively; P < 0.01) with NS-late requiring the most days on feed to reach the same endpoint (296 d, P < 0.01). No differences in Quality Grade, Yield Grade, REA, marbling, or BF were detected between AI-Early, NS-Early, and NS-Late, or between early- and late-born calves (P > 0.38). Late-born calves required 29 more days on feed (P < 0.001) to reach 1.27 cm BF resulting in greater final bodyweight compared to early-born calves (625.5 kg and 612.8 kg, respectively; P = 0.04); however, hot carcass weights were similar between early- and late-born calves. Reproductive technologies that increase the number of calves born early in the calving season increased weaning weight and post weaning growth performance, but compared to high quality natural service sires, AI did not improve carcass characteristics.

Impacts of bunk management on steer performance and ruminal hydrogen sulfide concentrations in steers fed modified distillers grains with solubles

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the impacts of bunk management on dry matter intake (DMI), growth performance, carcass characteristic, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations in beef steers fed modified distillers grains with solubles (MDGS; DM basis). In Experiment 1, 139 steers (440.4 ± 31.0 kg) were randomly assigned to one of 16 pens with pen randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) Control (CON, bunks managed to be devoid of feed prior to feeding), or 2) Over-fed (OVF, bunks managed to have minimum of 2.54 cm of feed remaining each morning) during adaptation. Following adaptation all steers in experiment 1 were transitioned to CON bunks and followed to finishing. In Experiment 2, 126 steers (445.4 ± 40.63 kg) were randomly assigned to one of 16 pens. Treatments in Experiment 2 were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial and include the two bunk management strategies utilized in Experiment 1 (OVF or CON) and either 25% MDGS or 50% MDGS (DM basis). Ruminal H2S was measured via rumenocentesis during dietary adaptation. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.13) observed in either experiment for growth performance due to bunk management. In Experiment 1, OVF steers had greater (P = 0.001) DMI during adaptation; however, overall DMI was not different (P = 0.14) between treatments. In Experiment 2, DMI (d 0 to 104) tended to decrease (P = 0.09) with greater MDGS inclusion. Hot carcass weight, ribeye area, marbling score and quality grade were not affected (P ≥ 0.48) by either bunk management or MDGS inclusion. In Experiment 2, back fat (1.30 versus 1.17 ± 0.042 cm) and yield grade (3.2 versus 3.0 ± 0.11) were greater (P = 0.03) for CON steers compared to OVF but were not affected (P = 0.59) by MDGS inclusion. In Experiment 1, H2S tended (P = 0.07) to be greater in steers on OVF compared to CON. In Experiment 2, bunk management strategy did not impact (P = 0.82) H2S concentrations. There was a MDGS inclusion × day interaction for H2S with steers fed 50% MDGS having greater (P < 0.01) H2S concentrations compared to steers fed 25% MDGS on days 28 and 35. Bunk management strategy during adaptation did not impact growth performance but did reduce intake in Experiment 1. Yield grade decreased when OVF bunk management was applied throughout Experiment 2. Response of hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the rumen were variable and likely influenced by inconsistencies in bunk management and resulting DMI during the early portions of the feedlot study.