Stents are widely employed to decrease cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, restenosis limits their success. Mechanisms responsible for restenosis in T2DM are incompletely elucidated; however, low wall shear stress (WSS) and altered intracellular signaling likely contribute. We tested the hypothesis that neointimal hyperplasia (NH) after bare-metal stenting in T2DM is due to vascular remodeling (enhanced formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), increased downstream vascular resistance (DVR), and decreased WSS) in T2DM; and that decreasing AGEs with ALT-711 (Alagebrium) mitigates this response.
Stents were implanted into the abdominal aorta of Zucker lean (ZL), obese (ZO), and diabetic (ZD) rats. After 21 days, blood flow and pressure data were recorded; and the stented region was sectioned for NH quantification or casted and imaged for WSS distributions by computational fluid dynamics modeling. Arterial segments (thoracic and abdominal aorta, carotid, iliac, femoral and arterioles) were harvested to detect AGEs related collagen cross-linking, and protein expression including TGFβ and receptor for AGE (RAGE).
DVR was elevated, whereas, WSS was significantly decreased in ZD compared to ZL and ZO rats, respectively (14.5±1.9 vs 30.6±1.6 and 25.4±2.2dyn/cm
2
; mean±SEM p<0.05). Intra-strut thickness (NH) was increased in ZO but not ZD rats. ALT-711 reduced DVR in ZD rats (15.6±2.5x10
5
to 8.39±0.6x10
5
dyn·s/cm
5
), decreased NH (ZL: 7.7±1.0 to 4.3±0.9%; ZO: 12.0±1.5 to 4.9±0.8%; ZD: 9.4±0.7 to 3.7±0.4%) and restored WSS in all rats. Increases in AGEs related collagen cross-linking were present in the arterioles of ZD rats, but reduced by treatment with ALT-711. No differences in RAGE or TGFβ expression were observed in treated compared to untreated rats.
In conclusion, ALT-711 decreased AGEs related collagen cross-linking, DVR, and normalized intra-stent WSS in rats with T2DM. These findings suggest that vascular remodeling may play an important role in modulating restenosis. Although TGFβ and RAGE expression did not appear to be modified by ALT-711, other intracellular signaling pathways that influence restenosis during T2DM remain to be explored.
Consumption of Virgin Olive Oil Influences Membrane Lipid Composition and Regulates Intracellular Signaling in Elderly Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
