Abstract
Objectives
Some degree of mental distress is commonly present in old age, and it is often exacerbated in later life following changes in physical health. This work presents in two studies among samples that have been exposed to stressful experiences in the past, a prospective examination of how the association between physical health and mental distress is attenuated by two forms of views on aging, evaluations of age and evaluations of one’s future.
Methods
Study 1 (N = 226) was conducted in 2008 (Time 1) and 2014 (Time 2), among Israeli war veterans (mean age 64.90, SD = 5.04); Study 2 (N = 132) was conducted in 2014 (Time 1) and 2015 (Time 2) among older adults who were exposed to ongoing rocket fire in the south of Israel (mean age 66.44, SD = 9.77). Participants reported on their subjective age, subjective life expectancy (SLE, in Study 1/distance-to-death; DtD, in Study 2), health, and mental distress.
Results
Both studies showed that after controlling for exposure to trauma and for Time 1 mental distress, Time 1 subjective age, but not SLE/DtD, moderated the association between Time 1 physical health and Time 2 mental distress.
Discussion
Subjective age and SLE represent distinct features of views of aging. Subjective age may reflect perceptions of one’s aging process, associated more directly with health-related outcomes over time. SLE reflects future, death-related perceptions, therefore perhaps less directly associated with such outcomes.