scholarly journals STABILITY AND CHANGE IN DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND COGNITION FOR CENTENARIAN COHORTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S653-S653
Author(s):  
Gina Lee ◽  
Peter Martin
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Summary Score ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Wave Age ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Lagged Effects ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine the stability and change of cognition and depression levels and how they predict each other over time. Participants of the Health and Retirement Study who survived to centenarian status (N = 331) were included in this study. The total cognition summary score and the CES-D summary score of depressive symptoms were used to conduct four cross-lagged regression analyses from wave 2 to wave 6. Age was used as a covariate. Results indicated that the stability coefficients for depressive symptoms and cognition from wave 2 to wave 6 were high. Depressive symptoms at wave 2 significantly predicted change in cognition at wave 3, whereas depressive symptoms at all other waves did not predict change in cognition in the next wave. Cognition did not predict changes in depressive symptoms for any wave. Age as a covariate predicted change in cognition in each following wave, particularly from wave 2 to wave 5. The coefficients without stability for depressive symptoms and cognition from wave 2 to wave 5 predicted each other significantly over time, except for the last wave. In conclusion, cognition and depressive symptoms predict each other over time, but they do not predict each other if stabilities are included in the analyses. Further research needs to examine the stability and change in depressive symptoms and cognition including more waves in order to examine whether cross-lagged effects fade or continue in very late life.

Longitudinal associations of hopelessness and loneliness in older adults: results from the US health and retirement study

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1451-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber M. Gum ◽  
Sharon Shiovitz-Ezra ◽  
Liat Ayalon
Keyword(s):  
Later Life ◽  
Health And Retirement Study ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Simultaneous Evaluation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lagged Effects ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Lagged Effect

ABSTRACTBackground:Hopelessness and loneliness are potent risk factors for poor mental and physical health in later life, although the nature of their relationships with each other over time is not clear. The aim of the current study was to examine relationships between hopelessness and loneliness over an eight-year study period.Methods:Three waves of data from the US Health and Retirement Study (2006, 2010, 2014) were used to test a cross-lagged model of hopelessness and loneliness (N= 7,831), which allows for the simultaneous evaluation of the reciprocal associations of loneliness and hopelessness. Age in 2006, gender, years of education, number of medical conditions, and depressive symptoms were included as covariates.Results:The autoregressive effects of loneliness (B(SE) = 0.63 (0.02),p< 0.001) and hopelessness (B(SE) = 0.63 (0.02),p< 0.001) were substantive and significant across the three waves, pointing to the stability of both constructs over the eight-year study period. The lagged effect of loneliness on hopelessness was non-significant (B(SE) = 0.05 (0.03),p= 0.16), whereas the lagged effect of hopelessness on loneliness was significant (B(SE) = 0.01 (0.01),p= 0.03). These lagged effects were not significantly different from each other, however, χ2(1) = 2.016,p= 0.156.Conclusions:Participants who were more hopeless tended to become lonelier four years later, but lonelier participants did not become more hopeless four years later. Findings are tentative given the small magnitude and lack of difference between the cross-lagged effects. Future directions include replicating these findings in different samples and time frames, examining potential mechanisms of relationships between hopelessness and loneliness, and potential intervention strategies that might improve both conditions.

Differential Aging in Place and Depressive Symptoms: Interplay Among Time, Income, and Senior Housing

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sojung Park ◽  
BoRin Kim ◽  
Yoonsun Han
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Aging In Place ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Senior Housing ◽  
Housing Environment ◽  
Age In Place ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Over Time

Objective: We examined cumulative and differential experiences of aging in place. Method: Data came from the 2002 and 2010 wave of the Health Retirement Study. We modeled the trajectory of later-life depressive symptoms, and how senior-housing environments moderate the negative association between economic disadvantages and depressive symptoms. Results: At baseline, economically disadvantaged older adults were more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms. However, detrimental effects of income group (non-low income vs. moderate income; non-low income vs. low income) on depressive symptoms did not significantly change over time. The age-leveler hypothesis may account for nonsignificant effects of disadvantaged income groups over time. Discussion: Findings suggest that moderate-income seniors may experience positive differentials if they age in place in a supportive senior-housing environment. Moderate-income seniors may have broader opportunities in senior housing compared to private-home peers. Senior housing might partially counter risks such as low mental health, emerging from life-course disadvantage.

scholarly journals Analyzing Stability and Change in Dyadic Attachment: The Multi-Rater Latent State-Trait Model With Autoregressive Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Bohn ◽  
Jana Holtmann ◽  
Esther Ulitzsch ◽  
Tobias Koch ◽  
Maike Luhmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parental Attachment ◽  
Time Consistency ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Situational Effects ◽  
Trait Model ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Dyadic Attachment ◽  
Over Time

Previous research suggests that parental attachment is stable throughout emerging adulthood. However, the relationships between the mutual attachments in the dyads of emerging adults and their parents are still unclear. Our study examines the stability and change in dyadic attachment. We asked 574 emerging adults and 463 parents at four occasions over 1 year about their mutual attachments. We used a latent state-trait model with autoregressive effects to estimate the time consistency of the attachments. Attachment was very stable, and earlier measurement occasions could explain more than 60% of the reliable variance. Changes of attachment over time showed an accumulation of situational effects for emerging adults but not for their parents. We estimated the correlations of the mutual attachments over time using a novel multi-rater latent state-trait model with autoregressive effects. This model showed that the mutual attachments of parents and emerging adults were moderately to highly correlated. Our model allows to separate the stable attachment from the changing attachment. The correlations between the mutual attachments were higher for the stable elements of attachment than for the changing elements of attachment. Emerging adults and their parents share a stable mutual attachment, but they do not share the changes in their respective attachments.

scholarly journals The stability and change of etiological influences on depression, anxiety symptoms and their co-occurrence across adolescence and young adulthood

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Waszczuk ◽  
H. M. S. Zavos ◽  
A. M. Gregory ◽  
T. C. Eley
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Anxiety Symptom ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Adolescence And Young Adulthood ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Over Time

Background.Depression and anxiety persist within and across diagnostic boundaries. The manner in which common v. disorder-specific genetic and environmental influences operate across development to maintain internalizing disorders and their co-morbidity is unclear. This paper investigates the stability and change of etiological influences on depression, panic, generalized, separation and social anxiety symptoms, and their co-occurrence, across adolescence and young adulthood.Method.A total of 2619 twins/siblings prospectively reported symptoms of depression and anxiety at mean ages 15, 17 and 20 years.Results.Each symptom scale showed a similar pattern of moderate continuity across development, largely underpinned by genetic stability. New genetic influences contributing to change in the developmental course of the symptoms emerged at each time point. All symptom scales correlated moderately with one another over time. Genetic influences, both stable and time-specific, overlapped considerably between the scales. Non-shared environmental influences were largely time- and symptom-specific, but some contributed moderately to the stability of depression and anxiety symptom scales. These stable, longitudinal environmental influences were highly correlated between the symptoms.Conclusions.The results highlight both stable and dynamic etiology of depression and anxiety symptom scales. They provide preliminary evidence that stable as well as newly emerging genes contribute to the co-morbidity between depression and anxiety across adolescence and young adulthood. Conversely, environmental influences are largely time-specific and contribute to change in symptoms over time. The results inform molecular genetics research and transdiagnostic treatment and prevention approaches.

scholarly journals Assessing the Longitudinal Relationship Between Alcohol Use and Depression Among Older Adult Retirees

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 401-401
Author(s):  
Antonia Diaz-Valdes Iriarte ◽  
Christina Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Retirement Study

Abstract Alcohol use and depression are underrecognized problems affecting older adults, and its prevalence has increased for baby boomers compared to prior generations. Approximately 40% of people aged 65+, drink alcohol and approximately 19% experience. Additionally, the loss of important roles in life – such as being an employee, could negatively influence mental health at retirement. Although there is mixed evidence about the direction of the association between alcohol and depression in this population, and little is known about how retirement influence it. Generalized mixed models were performed to test the effect of retirement, alcohol use – drinks per day and binge drinking, and depressive symptoms among older adults. We draw data from the Health and Retirement study (n=11,164). Results suggest that being retired was associated with decreased depressive symptoms (b=-0.04, p&lt;0.05) and increased drinks per day (b=0.01, p&lt;0.05) and binge drinking (b=0.11, p&lt;0.05). Each additional drink per day (b=-0.11, p&lt;0.05) and binge drinking (b=-0.07, p&lt;0.05) lead to decreased depressive symptoms. Similarly, increased drinking or binge drinking were associated to decreased depressive symptoms. Regular drinkers might increase their drinking to occupy the additional free time that comes with retirement, to alleviate anxiety and feelings of loneliness as they lost their working roles and they might have lost relatives, which might increase the craving for alcohol. Given the prevalence of depression and alcohol use, and its detrimental effects among older adults. Further research needs to be done to understands the particularities of this group and to generate interventions focused on prevention.

On the Robustness of Solution Strategy Classifications

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
María José Contreras ◽  
Víctor J. Rubio ◽  
Daniel Peña ◽  
José Santacreu
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Study Strategies ◽  
Solution Strategy ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Spatial Tasks ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Strategy Changes ◽  
Over Time

Individual differences in performance when solving spatial tasks can be partly explained by differences in the strategies used. Two main difficulties arise when studying such strategies: the identification of the strategy itself and the stability of the strategy over time. In the present study strategies were separated into three categories: segmented (analytic), holistic-feedback dependent, and holistic-planned, according to the procedure described by Peña, Contreras, Shih, and Santacreu (2008) . A group of individuals were evaluated twice on a 1-year test-retest basis. During the 1-year interval between tests, the participants were not able to prepare for the specific test used in this study or similar ones. It was found that 60% of the individuals kept the same strategy throughout the tests. When strategy changes did occur, they were usually due to a better strategy. These results prove the robustness of using strategy-based procedures for studying individual differences in spatial tasks.

On the Stability of Evaluative Conditioning Effects

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 380-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Förderer ◽  
Christian Unkelbach
Keyword(s):  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

Evaluative conditioning (EC) refers to valence changes in neutral stimuli (CSs) through repeated pairing with liked or disliked stimuli (USs). The present study examined the stability of EC effects in the course of 1 week. We investigated how this stability depends on memory for US valence and US identity. We also investigated whether CSs evaluations occurring immediately after conditioning (i.e., evaluative consolidation) are necessary for stable EC effects. Participants showed stable EC effects on direct and indirect measures, independent of evaluations immediately after conditioning. EC effects depended on memory for US valence but not for US identity. And although memory decreased significantly over time, EC effects remained stable. These data suggest that evaluative consolidation is not necessary, and that conditioned preferences and attitudes might persist even when people do not remember the concrete source anymore.

scholarly journals INTERNET USE AND LONELINESS OF OLDER ADULTS OVER TIME: THE MEDIATION EFFECT OF SOCIAL CONTACT

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S194-S194
Author(s):  
Kexin Yu ◽  
Kexin Yu ◽  
Shinyi Wu ◽  
Iris Chi
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older People ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Health And Retirement Study ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Internet is increasingly popular among older adults and have changed interpersonal interactions. However, it remains controversial whether older people are more or less lonely with internet use. This paper tests the longitudinal association of internet use and loneliness among older people. One pathway that explains the association, the mediation effect of social contact, was examined. Data from the 2006, 2010 and 2014 waves of Health and Retirement Study was used. Hierarchical liner modeling results showed internet use was related to decreased loneliness over 12-year period of time (b=-0.044, p&lt;.001). Internet use was associated with more social contact with family and friends overtime (b=0.261, p&lt;.001), social contact was related to less perceived loneliness longitudinally (b=0.097, p&lt;.001). The total effect of internet use on loneliness is -0.054 and the mediated effect is -0.025. The findings imply that online activities can be effective for reducing loneliness for older people through increased social contact.

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