scholarly journals Analyzing Stability and Change in Dyadic Attachment: The Multi-Rater Latent State-Trait Model With Autoregressive Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Bohn ◽  
Jana Holtmann ◽  
Esther Ulitzsch ◽  
Tobias Koch ◽  
Maike Luhmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parental Attachment ◽  
Time Consistency ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Situational Effects ◽  
Trait Model ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Dyadic Attachment ◽  
Over Time

Previous research suggests that parental attachment is stable throughout emerging adulthood. However, the relationships between the mutual attachments in the dyads of emerging adults and their parents are still unclear. Our study examines the stability and change in dyadic attachment. We asked 574 emerging adults and 463 parents at four occasions over 1 year about their mutual attachments. We used a latent state-trait model with autoregressive effects to estimate the time consistency of the attachments. Attachment was very stable, and earlier measurement occasions could explain more than 60% of the reliable variance. Changes of attachment over time showed an accumulation of situational effects for emerging adults but not for their parents. We estimated the correlations of the mutual attachments over time using a novel multi-rater latent state-trait model with autoregressive effects. This model showed that the mutual attachments of parents and emerging adults were moderately to highly correlated. Our model allows to separate the stable attachment from the changing attachment. The correlations between the mutual attachments were higher for the stable elements of attachment than for the changing elements of attachment. Emerging adults and their parents share a stable mutual attachment, but they do not share the changes in their respective attachments.

scholarly journals STABILITY AND CHANGE IN DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND COGNITION FOR CENTENARIAN COHORTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S653-S653
Author(s):  
Gina Lee ◽  
Peter Martin
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Summary Score ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Wave Age ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Lagged Effects ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine the stability and change of cognition and depression levels and how they predict each other over time. Participants of the Health and Retirement Study who survived to centenarian status (N = 331) were included in this study. The total cognition summary score and the CES-D summary score of depressive symptoms were used to conduct four cross-lagged regression analyses from wave 2 to wave 6. Age was used as a covariate. Results indicated that the stability coefficients for depressive symptoms and cognition from wave 2 to wave 6 were high. Depressive symptoms at wave 2 significantly predicted change in cognition at wave 3, whereas depressive symptoms at all other waves did not predict change in cognition in the next wave. Cognition did not predict changes in depressive symptoms for any wave. Age as a covariate predicted change in cognition in each following wave, particularly from wave 2 to wave 5. The coefficients without stability for depressive symptoms and cognition from wave 2 to wave 5 predicted each other significantly over time, except for the last wave. In conclusion, cognition and depressive symptoms predict each other over time, but they do not predict each other if stabilities are included in the analyses. Further research needs to examine the stability and change in depressive symptoms and cognition including more waves in order to examine whether cross-lagged effects fade or continue in very late life.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Predictors of Helicopter Parenting in Emerging Adulthood

2020 ◽  
pp. 216769682093198
Author(s):  
Larry J. Nelson ◽  
Laura M. Padilla-Walker ◽  
Ryan D. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
The United States ◽  
Helicopter Parenting ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Single Parent Families ◽  
Relational Factors ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this exploratory longitudinal study was to examine stability and change of helicopter parenting throughout the first few years of emerging adulthood and to examine child and parent–child relational factors that might predict helicopter parenting. Participants included 453 emerging adults from a northwestern city in the United States (51% female, 33% single-parent families) who participated in a 10-year longitudinal study, with the current study examining ages 19–21. Results revealed that (a) for both mothers and fathers, helicopter parenting decreased over time, (b) some child and relational factors predicted initial levels of helicopter parenting, but (c) the findings were somewhat different for mothers and fathers and for daughters and sons. The findings support the growing understanding that the links between helicopter parenting and child (mal)adjustment are nuanced and complex. Findings have implications for those who work with parents and young people in trying to promote flourishing during emerging adulthood.

scholarly journals The stability and change of etiological influences on depression, anxiety symptoms and their co-occurrence across adolescence and young adulthood

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Waszczuk ◽  
H. M. S. Zavos ◽  
A. M. Gregory ◽  
T. C. Eley
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Anxiety Symptom ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Adolescence And Young Adulthood ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Over Time

Background.Depression and anxiety persist within and across diagnostic boundaries. The manner in which common v. disorder-specific genetic and environmental influences operate across development to maintain internalizing disorders and their co-morbidity is unclear. This paper investigates the stability and change of etiological influences on depression, panic, generalized, separation and social anxiety symptoms, and their co-occurrence, across adolescence and young adulthood.Method.A total of 2619 twins/siblings prospectively reported symptoms of depression and anxiety at mean ages 15, 17 and 20 years.Results.Each symptom scale showed a similar pattern of moderate continuity across development, largely underpinned by genetic stability. New genetic influences contributing to change in the developmental course of the symptoms emerged at each time point. All symptom scales correlated moderately with one another over time. Genetic influences, both stable and time-specific, overlapped considerably between the scales. Non-shared environmental influences were largely time- and symptom-specific, but some contributed moderately to the stability of depression and anxiety symptom scales. These stable, longitudinal environmental influences were highly correlated between the symptoms.Conclusions.The results highlight both stable and dynamic etiology of depression and anxiety symptom scales. They provide preliminary evidence that stable as well as newly emerging genes contribute to the co-morbidity between depression and anxiety across adolescence and young adulthood. Conversely, environmental influences are largely time-specific and contribute to change in symptoms over time. The results inform molecular genetics research and transdiagnostic treatment and prevention approaches.

Hierarchy of Response to Handicaps

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia D. Horne ◽  
Jerry L. Ricciardo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intermediate Grade ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Geographical Locations ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Over Time

This study compared the relative attitudes toward various types of exceptionality among three groups of elementary and intermediate-grade children ( ns = 36, 41, and 79) and one group of adults ( n = 1030). It also investigated the stability of these rankings over 13 years and in different parts of the United States. The hierarchies of preferences for these two groups of southwestern children were highly correlated, as were those preferences for these children and adults in the east. A comparison of the ranks obtained in 1987 with those reported in 1974–75 showed a stable hierarchy over time and geographical locations.

On the Robustness of Solution Strategy Classifications

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
María José Contreras ◽  
Víctor J. Rubio ◽  
Daniel Peña ◽  
José Santacreu
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Study Strategies ◽  
Solution Strategy ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Spatial Tasks ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Strategy Changes ◽  
Over Time

Individual differences in performance when solving spatial tasks can be partly explained by differences in the strategies used. Two main difficulties arise when studying such strategies: the identification of the strategy itself and the stability of the strategy over time. In the present study strategies were separated into three categories: segmented (analytic), holistic-feedback dependent, and holistic-planned, according to the procedure described by Peña, Contreras, Shih, and Santacreu (2008) . A group of individuals were evaluated twice on a 1-year test-retest basis. During the 1-year interval between tests, the participants were not able to prepare for the specific test used in this study or similar ones. It was found that 60% of the individuals kept the same strategy throughout the tests. When strategy changes did occur, they were usually due to a better strategy. These results prove the robustness of using strategy-based procedures for studying individual differences in spatial tasks.

On the Stability of Evaluative Conditioning Effects

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 380-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Förderer ◽  
Christian Unkelbach
Keyword(s):  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

Evaluative conditioning (EC) refers to valence changes in neutral stimuli (CSs) through repeated pairing with liked or disliked stimuli (USs). The present study examined the stability of EC effects in the course of 1 week. We investigated how this stability depends on memory for US valence and US identity. We also investigated whether CSs evaluations occurring immediately after conditioning (i.e., evaluative consolidation) are necessary for stable EC effects. Participants showed stable EC effects on direct and indirect measures, independent of evaluations immediately after conditioning. EC effects depended on memory for US valence but not for US identity. And although memory decreased significantly over time, EC effects remained stable. These data suggest that evaluative consolidation is not necessary, and that conditioned preferences and attitudes might persist even when people do not remember the concrete source anymore.

scholarly journals Steady-state $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ above MLSS: evidence that critical speed better represents maximal metabolic steady state in well-trained runners

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah J. Nixon ◽  
Sascha H. Kranen ◽  
Anni Vanhatalo ◽  
Andrew M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Critical Speed ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Severe Intensity ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Trained Runners ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe metabolic boundary separating the heavy-intensity and severe-intensity exercise domains is of scientific and practical interest but there is controversy concerning whether the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) or critical power (synonymous with critical speed, CS) better represents this boundary. We measured the running speeds at MLSS and CS and investigated their ability to discriminate speeds at which $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 was stable over time from speeds at which a steady-state $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 could not be established. Ten well-trained male distance runners completed 9–12 constant-speed treadmill tests, including 3–5 runs of up to 30-min duration for the assessment of MLSS and at least 4 runs performed to the limit of tolerance for assessment of CS. The running speeds at CS and MLSS were significantly different (16.4 ± 1.3 vs. 15.2 ± 0.9 km/h, respectively; P < 0.001). Blood lactate concentration was higher and increased with time at a speed 0.5 km/h higher than MLSS compared to MLSS (P < 0.01); however, pulmonary $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 did not change significantly between 10 and 30 min at either MLSS or MLSS + 0.5 km/h. In contrast, $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 increased significantly over time and reached $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\,\,\max }$$ V ˙ O 2 max at end-exercise at a speed ~ 0.4 km/h above CS (P < 0.05) but remained stable at a speed ~ 0.5 km/h below CS. The stability of $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 at a speed exceeding MLSS suggests that MLSS underestimates the maximal metabolic steady state. These results indicate that CS more closely represents the maximal metabolic steady state when the latter is appropriately defined according to the ability to stabilise pulmonary $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 .

scholarly journals Effect of Photoinitiator on Precursory Stability and Curing Depth of Thiol-Ene Clickable Gelatin

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1877
Author(s):  
Kai-Hung Yang ◽  
Gabriella Lindberg ◽  
Bram Soliman ◽  
Khoon Lim ◽  
Tim Woodfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Swelling Ratio ◽  
Sodium Persulfate ◽  
Photo Polymerization ◽  
Gelation Kinetics ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

Recent advances highlight the potential of photopolymerizable allylated gelatin (GelAGE) as a versatile hydrogel with highly tailorable properties. It is, however, unknown how different photoinitiating system affects the stability, gelation kinetics and curing depth of GelAGE. In this study, sol fraction, mass swelling ratio, mechanical properties, rheological properties, and curing depth were evaluated as a function of time with three photo-initiating systems: Irgacure 2959 (Ig2959; 320–500 nm), lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP; 320–500 nm), and ruthenium/sodium persulfate (Ru/SPS; 400–500 nm). Results demonstrated that GelAGE precursory solutions mixed with either Ig2959 or LAP remained stable over time while the Ru/SPS system enabled the onset of controllable redox polymerization without irradiation during pre-incubation. Photo-polymerization using the Ru/SPS system was significantly faster (<5 s) compared to both Ig2959 (70 s) and LAP (50 s). Plus, The Ru/SPS system was capable of polymerizing a thick construct (8.88 ± 0.94 mm), while Ig2959 (1.62 ± 0.49 mm) initiated hydrogels displayed poor penetration depth with LAP (7.38 ± 2.13 mm) in between. These results thus support the use of the visible light based Ru/SPS photo-initiator for constructs requiring rapid gelation and a good curing depth while Ig2959 or LAP can be applied for photo-polymerization of GelAGE materials requiring long-term incubation prior to application if UV is not a concern.

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