scholarly journals WEALTH PROFILES AND VARIATIONS BY GENDER AND RACE: A GROWTH-MIXTURE MULTIGROUP COMPARISON

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S733-S733
Author(s):  
Yu-Chih Chen ◽  
Nancy Morrow-Howell
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Latent Class Model ◽  
Growth Mixture Modeling ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Growth Mixture ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Wealth is fundamentally affected by various life course characteristics. However, little is known about the role of life course factors in shaping wealth trajectories in later life. This study explored how the longitudinal profiles of wealth varied by gender and race (white and non-white populations). Data came from the 2004-2014 Health and Retirement Study with 16,189 older adults aged 51 and older. With corrections for clustered effect within household, this study used growth mixture modeling (GMM) to identify the longitudinal patterns of wealth, and how these profiles varied by these two important life course attributes. The model began with a separate GMM model for race and gender to investigate the optimal latent class model. These results were combined using multi-group approach to incrementally examine the gender and race invariance using configural (same form), structural (same trajectory mean), dispersion (same trajectory variance), and distributional (same latent class size) test. Results identified four distinct wealth profiles—Stable high, Low and increasing, Stable low, and High but decline—for each race and gender category. The multigroup GMM analyses revealed that the wealth profiles varied by gender and race, but the degrees of variation differed a great deal, with results supporting a dispersion model for gender but a configural model for race. Results indicate that race has a stronger effect in shaping wealth development compared to gender. The findings suggest that understanding wealth disparities in later life could be facilitated by examining how wealth varies by gender and race.

The Law of the Father, the Law of the Land: Power, Gender and Race in The Shield

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIKE CHOPRA-GANT
Keyword(s):  
Race Relations ◽  
White Male ◽  
Legitimate Authority ◽  
Television Series ◽  
Real Power ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Law ◽  
And Gender

This article examines the construction of gender and race in the television series The Shield (FX 2002–). The article argues that while The Shield seems to offer an ostensibly progressive vision of a multi-cultural society in which race and gender represent no barrier to the possession of legitimate authority, the series premises the possibility of such access to power on the continuing possession of “real” power by a paternalistic white, male figure, thus presenting a regressive conservative vision of gender and race relations in contemporary US society.

scholarly journals Emerging Adulthood: An Intersectional Examination of the Changing Life Course

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-33
Author(s):  
Shauna A. Morimoto
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Life Course ◽  
School Students ◽  
Identity Exploration ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Adult World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Life Course

This article draws on qualitative data of U.S. high school students considering their place in the adult world; the purpose is to investigate Jeffrey Arnett’s (2000) concept of “emerging adulthood” as a new stage of life course. Drawing on interviews and observational data collected around the time when Arnett’s notion of emerging adulthood started to take hold, I use intersectional interpretive lens in order to highlight how race and gender construct emerging adulthood as high school students move out of adolescence. I consider Arnett’s thesis twofold. First, when emerging adulthood is examined intersectionally, young people reveal that – rather than being distinct periods that can simply be prolonged, delayed, or even reached – life stages are fluid and constantly in flux. Second, since efforts to mitigate against uncertain futures characterizes the Millennial generation, I argue that the process of guarding against uncertainty reorders, questions or reconfigures the characteristics and stages that conventionally serve as markers of life course. I conclude that the identity exploration, indecision, and insecurity associated with emerging adulthood can also be understood as related to how the youth reveal and reshape the life course intersectionally.

scholarly journals Latent Class Growth Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling using R: A tutorial for two R-packages and a comparison with Mplus.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas J Wardenaar
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Growth Mixture Modeling ◽  
Mixture Modeling ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Growth Mixture ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Model Configuration ◽  
R Packages ◽  
Latent Class Growth ◽  
Growth Analyses

Latent Class Growth Analyses (LCGA) and Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) analyses are used to explain between-subject heterogeneity in growth on an outcome, by identifying latent classes with different growth trajectories. Dedicated software packages are available to estimate these models, with Mplus (Muthén & Muthén, 2019) being widely used . Although this and other available commercial software packages are of good quality, very flexible and rich in options, they can be costly and fit poorly into the analytical workflow of researchers that increasingly depend on the open-source R-platform. Interestingly, although plenty of R-packages to conduct mixture analyses are available, there is little documentation on how to conduct LCGA/GMM in R. Therefore, the current paper aims to provide applied researchers with a tutorial and coding examples for conducting LCGA and GMM in R. Furthermore, it will be evaluated how results obtained with R and the modeling approaches (e.g., default settings, model configuration) of the used R-packages compare to each other and to Mplus.

The sociology of ageing

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
Ricca Edmondson
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Course Development ◽  
The Social ◽  
Life Course Development ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Mutual Care ◽  
Theoretical Analyses

This chapter begins with an overview of the contrasting phenomena that need to be reconciled within the sociology of ageing. It stresses respects in which ageing itself is a social phenomenon, arguing that they reveal deep social ambiguities and contestations in connection with the human life-course. It then examines both threats and resources associated with globalized aspects of contemporary ageing, before interrogating contributions by successive theoretical analyses of what ageing involves. The chapter explores the decisive impacts of welfare states on the circumstances of ageing and their connections with the social distribution of family and caring roles. It continues with a discussion of generational and gender relations before examining wider environments for life-course development and their connections with familial and other forms of mutual care. Lastly, it addresses issues relating to social exclusion and ageism, before exploring aspects of social meaning connected with later life and their potential for enhancement.

scholarly journals Balancing Research and Service in Academia: Gender, Race, and Laboratory Tasks

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace Miller ◽  
Josipa Roksa
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
White Men ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Gendered Organizations ◽  
Minority Men ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Depth Interviews

Our study highlights specific ways in which race and gender create inequality in the workplace. Using in-depth interviews with 67 biology PhD students, we show how engagement with research and service varies by both gender and race. By considering the intersection between gender and race, we find not only that women biology graduate students do more service than men, but also that racial and ethnic minority men do more service than white men. White men benefit from a combination of racial and gender privilege, which places them in the most advantaged position with respect to protected research time and opportunities to build collaborations and networks beyond their labs. Racial/ethnic minority women emerge as uniquely disadvantaged in terms of their experiences relative to other groups. These findings illuminate how gendered organizations are also racialized, producing distinct experiences for women and men from different racial groups, and thus contribute to theorizing the intersectional nature of inequality in the workplace.

scholarly journals Strains of Singlehood in Later Life: Do Race and Gender Matter?

2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. S315-S322 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Pudrovska ◽  
S. Schieman ◽  
D. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Later Life ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals Representation of interracial couples on mainstream television : confining identities of race and gender in Heroes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Lasch
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Interracial Couples ◽  
Narrative Approach ◽  
Television Show ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender

Using textual and discourse analysis and a semiotic, narrative approach to television texts, I explore representations of identity, specifically interracial couples. I use three interracial couples on the popular mainstream television show Heroes to analyze and explicate the ideological portrayals of gender, race and their interplay as shown on television. Taking into account historical gender and race representational studies on television, I analyze Heroes as a multiracial, current mainstream television show in the contemporary comic book genre to understand the ways interracial couples are represented.

scholarly journals Deaths, Disparities, and Cumulative (Dis)Advantage: How Social Inequities Produce an Impairment Paradox in Later Life

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heide Jackson ◽  
Michal Engelman
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Functional Health ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Research on health across the life course consistently documents widening racial and socioeconomic disparities from childhood through adulthood, followed by stabilization or convergence in later life. This pattern appears to contradict expectations set by cumulative (dis)advantage (CAD) theory. Informed by the punctuated equilibrium perspective, we examine the relationship between midlife health and subsequent health change and mortality and consider the impact of earlier socioeconomic exposures on observed disparities. Methods Using the Health and Retirement Study, we characterize the functional impairment histories of a nationally-representative sample of 8,464 older adults between 1994-2016. We employ non-parametric and discrete outcome multinomial logistic regression to examine the competing risks of mortality, health change, and attrition. Results Exposures to disadvantages are associated with poorer functional health in midlife and mortality. However, a higher number of functional limitations in midlife is negatively associated with the accumulation of subsequent limitations for white men and women and for Black women. The impact of educational attainment, occupation, wealth, and marriage on later life health differs across race and gender groups. Conclusions Observed stability or convergence in later-life functional health disparities is not a departure from the dynamics posited by CAD, but rather a result of the differential impact of racial and socioeconomic inequities on mortality and health at older ages. Higher exposure to disadvantages and a lower protective impact of advantageous exposures lead to higher mortality among Black Americans, a pattern which masks persistent health inequities later in life.

Intersectionality and Gendered Racism in the United States: A New Theoretical Framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-625
Author(s):  
Marlene Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Economic Disparities ◽  
Gendered Racism ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender

I introduce a new theoretical framework to explain intersectionality and economic disparities by gender and race in the United States. I examine patterns of economic outcomes by race and gender, review explanations for them, and assess the extent to which theories explain the intersection of race and gender in these outcomes. I explore gendered racism as the only concept that can explain these patterns by gender, race, and intersectionality. When employers, coworkers, customers, and communities behave and act on gender and racial prejudices and when institutions, ideologies, and belief systems legitimize, reproduce, and perpetuate these prejudices, gendered racism can explain the resulting economic disparities by race, gender, and intersectionality.

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