Introduction—Criminology: its origins and research methods

Criminology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Criminal Behaviour ◽  
The Social ◽  
Systematic Knowledge

This chapter discusses the origins of the term ‘criminology’, which emerged at the end of the nineteenth century because a group of theorists laid claim to systematic knowledge as to the nature of criminal behaviour, its causes and solutions. Prior to this, commentaries on crime largely arose out of other enterprises. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the administration of criminal justice in most European countries had been influenced by the views of several writers whose approach, although differing in certain respects, has come to be referred to as ‘classicism’. The basic view as to the organisation of society adopted by the classicists was influenced by the social contract theories of Hobbes and Rousseau. Individuals agree to join together to form a society, and there is a consensus within the society for the private ownership of property and the protection of its members from harm.

Introduction—Criminology: its origins and research methods

2021 ◽  
pp. xiv-10
Author(s):  
Stephen Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Criminal Behaviour ◽  
The Social ◽  
Systematic Knowledge

This chapter discusses the origins of the term ‘criminology’, which emerged at the end of the nineteenth century because a group of theorists laid claim to systematic knowledge as to the nature of criminal behaviour, its causes and solutions. Prior to this, commentaries on crime largely arose out of other enterprises. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the administration of criminal justice in most European countries had been influenced by the views of several writers whose approach, although differing in certain respects, has come to be referred to as ‘classicism’. The basic view as to the organisation of society adopted by the classicists was influenced by the social contract theories of Hobbes and Rousseau. Individuals agree to join together to form a society and there is a consensus within the society for the private ownership of property and the protection of its members from harm.

scholarly journals The Status of Women in the Idea of “Rifa’a Tahtavy”

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Zahra Khosravi Vamkani ◽  
Mehdi Najafi Komleh
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Women's Issues ◽  
Primary Condition ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
Status Of Women

<p>Arab intellectuals in the nineteenth century during their travels to Western countries wanted to reform the social problems of their country, which mixed with religion and tradition. Some of these problems were Women’s issues, including education, dress, marriage, etc. The intellectuals included of diverse groups of people: poet, author, historian, etc. “Rifa’a Tahtavy 1801-1873 AD” was one of the scholars of the movement that believed in gender equality in the areas of personal and social. In his view of point, modeling from European countries in the field of education was critical. Rifa’a believed that there is a strong relationship between the progress of women and promotion of intellectual and cultural level. In his mind, achievement of nations depends on their respect for women. He knew mutual love as the primary condition for the marriage of girls and chastity and decency of women affiliated with the correct training. In this article, we will attempt to look at women’s issues, including education, employment, marriage, and dress in Tahtavy views.</p>

Argument against the Death Penalty1

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-149
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Pelli
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Contract Theory ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Social Contract Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Philosophical Doctrine

This chapter outlines the foundations of an argument that would culminate in the displacement of the death penalty from the top rung of the ladder of punishments. It focuses solely on the longest chapter, Chapter 28, in Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments to discuss the author's structure of punishments. As such, it represented all that was wrong with the existing criminal law. The chapter argues that the argument against the death penalty, which Beccaria regarded as decisive, is derived from his version of Social Contract theory. The abuses of the existing system of criminal justice, which are roundly attacked from the very beginning, are the creation of human convention, that is to say, legislation supplemented by jurisprudential opinion, which have strayed from the 'enactments' of the Social Contract. It then follows with a statement of the fundamental principle which the laws representing the contracts made among men should seek to uphold, namely, 'the greatest happiness shared among the greater number'. Ultimately, the chapter assesses the influence of Helvétius on Pietro Verri and Beccaria in elevating an early version of utilitarianism to the status of an established philosophical doctrine.

Preference Does Not Have to be Personal

2016 ◽  
pp. 38-59
Author(s):  
Stephen Egharevba
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Criminal Behaviour ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
Degrading Treatment ◽  
Perceptions Of Police ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Research has shown that minorities, particularly Blacks are six times more and Asian are twice likely to be stereotyped, suspected, stopped and searched, as well as arrested, cautioned as these groups are more likely to be prosecuted on weaker evidence when compared to Whites in many countries in Europe. Some reasons adduced for this phenomenon has been minorities' engagement with deviant and criminal behaviour, while neglecting the accumulated degrading treatment minority receive in the Criminal Justice System (CJS). However, in Finland interestingly very little research has examined minority perceptions of police fairness in the country. The aim of the paper is to examine the experiences of 650 immigrants from Africa, Asia, and Eastern European Countries, Middle East, as well as Latin Americans perception of the legitimacy of the police in view of the fact that experiences can influence the perception of fairness in the CJS. Secondly, we will explore why minorities feel they are treated differently to increase our understanding of minority contact with the police. The participants with constant contact with the police tend to be more negative towards the CJS. Additionally, household identified with specific referent groups significantly see the CJS as being biased.

Hume's Sceptical Enlightenment

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryu Susato
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Contract Theory ◽  
Social Contract Theory ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Positive Assessment

David Hume (1711–1776) remains one of the most equivocal thinkers in eighteenth-century Europe. Some emphasise his conservatism because of his criticism of rationalism in morals and of the social contract theory in politics, while others deem him one of the most important liberal thinkers. He can also be characterised as a forerunner of utilitarianism or even postmodernism. How can these images be integrated? To address this issue, Hume’s Sceptical Enlightenment demonstrates the uniqueness and complexity of Hume as an Enlightenment thinker through an investigation of the ‘historical’ Hume. Based on a sceptical adaptation of Epicureanism, he delineates the variable and vulnerable nature of the workings of our imagination and opinions, and emphasises the essential instability of civilisation. In addition, he retains a positive assessment of such modern values as liberty, politeness and refinement, and carries the banner for secularisation. His ‘spirit of scepticism’, which permeates even his non-epistemological writings, enables these seemingly paradoxical positions. This book is not only for Hume specialists, but is also a contribution to the flourishing fields of the Enlightenment study. This intellectual history connects Hume’s early eighteenth-century Continental and British predecessors not only to Hume, but also to British philosophers writing up until the nineteenth century.

Epicurus in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century French Thought

2020 ◽  
pp. 710-728
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Kavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
New Economy ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Century Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Senses

How was the celebration of pleasure, so central to the French Enlightenment’s Epicurean tradition, changed by the cultural and political upheavals of the French Revolution and its imperial aftermath? Why was it that, in March of 1800, Paris’s Préfet de police would announce his intention to respect what he called the “freedom of pleasures” due all citizens? This study looks at how the catastrophes of the Terror (white as well as red) followed by the rise and fall of an empire gave birth to a new form of Epicurean materialism. Displacing the eighteenth-century model of libertinage and its algebra of a sexual seduction promising protection from passion’s illusions, the shared pleasures of the well-appointed table made possible by an emerging consumer society brought into focus the possibility of a new economy of pleasures shared, exchanged, and multiplied. Works as different as a popular comedy by René de Chazet, a didactic poem by Joseph Berchoux, and the vastly popular gastronomical manuals of Grimod de La Reynière all contributed to this reconfiguration of the Epicurean paradigm around the newly elaborate rituals of the shared meal. The gustatory pleasures shared by hosts and their guests became the foundation of a conviviality presided over by the social contract of a politesse gourmande. Rehabilitating the senses and their pleasures, this nineteenth-century Epicureanism of the table sought to achieve a new civility capable of moving beyond the tragedies of history.

scholarly journals Tadeusz Zelinsky and Richard Gansinets as researchers of ancient religions

2001 ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Henrik Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
European Countries

Polish scholarly religious studies have their beginnings, as in many European countries, in the second half of the nineteenth century. They then developed in the spirit of positivism and evolutionism. Their genesis, as well as Western ones, was associated with a departure from the inherent romanticism of mythological comparative research methods, called Comparative Mythology, and a return to the study of religion in all its manifestations and aspects.

scholarly journals Outlaw motorcycle gangs and their members’ crime: Examining the social organization of crime and its relationship to formal club hierarchy

2020 ◽  
pp. 147737082098044
Author(s):  
Sjoukje van Deuren ◽  
Edward Kleemans ◽  
Arjan Blokland
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Criminal Behaviour ◽  
Direct Involvement ◽  
Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scenario Approach

In recent years, many European countries have taken far-reaching measures to combat the criminal activities of outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs). Meanwhile, empirical research into the ways OMCGs are involved in and influence the crimes of their members is largely lacking. This study presents the main findings of research based on police files of cases that were filed against members of Dutch OMCGs. We apply a criminological scenario approach to analyse to what extent and in which ways OMCGs are involved in the crimes of their members. The results show that OMCG membership particularly plays an indirect role in the criminal behaviour of OMCG members. Board members, for example, give permission for criminal acts, regulate mutual relationships between members, non-members and rival OMCGs during conflict situations, and forbid (criminal) behaviour of members that is harmful to the OMCG. OMCGs function as a pool of co-offenders and as a market for criminal enterprises. Members also use the violent reputation of OMCGs in specific criminal activities. OMCGs are less frequently directly involved in crimes. Direct involvement of OMCGs is most apparent in organized inter-gang violence and violence against their own members.

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