26. Private Children Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Sendall
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Parental Responsibility ◽  
The Individual

Private children law concerns disputes between family members about children. It deals with whom a child shall live, with whom they should have contact, and what steps a parent can take in their exercise of parental responsibility. The Children Act 1989 has orders that the court can make to help to resolve these disputes. This chapter examines the orders available in private children proceedings, who can apply for them, and the individual considerations of each order. These include residence orders, contact orders, specific issuer orders, prohibited steps orders, and special guardianship orders.

26. Private Children Law

2018 ◽  
pp. 254-265
Author(s):  
Jane Sendall
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Parental Responsibility ◽  
The Individual

Private children law concerns disputes between family members about children. It deals with whom a child shall live, with whom they should have contact, and what steps a parent can take in their exercise of parental responsibility. The Children Act 1989 has orders that the court can make to help to resolve these disputes. This chapter examines the orders available in private children proceedings, who can apply for them, and the individual considerations of each order. These include residence orders, contact orders, specific issuer orders, prohibited steps orders, and special guardianship orders.

26. Private Children Law

2019 ◽  
pp. 254-289
Author(s):  
Jane Sendall ◽  
Roiya Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Parental Responsibility ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
The Individual

Private children law concerns disputes between family members about children. It deals with whom a child shall live, with whom they should have contact, and what steps a parent can take in their exercise of parental responsibility. The Children Act 1989 and the Children and Families Act 2014 have orders that the court can make to help to resolve these disputes. This chapter examines the orders available in private children proceedings, who can apply for them, and the individual considerations of each order. These include child arrangements orders, residence orders, contact orders, specific issues orders, prohibited steps orders, and special guardianship orders.

26. Private Children Law

Family Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 254-265
Author(s):  
Roiya Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Parental Responsibility ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
The Individual

Private children law concerns disputes between family members about children. It deals with whom a child shall live, with whom they should have contact, and what steps a parent can take in their exercise of parental responsibility. The Children Act 1989 and the Children and Families Act 2014 have orders that the court can make to help to resolve these disputes. This chapter examines the orders available in private children proceedings, who can apply for them, and the individual considerations of each order. These include child arrangements orders, residence orders, contact orders, specific issues orders, prohibited steps orders, and special guardianship orders.

scholarly journals “TNOs are Cool”: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region

2018 ◽  
Vol 618 ◽  
pp. A136 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Vilenius ◽  
J. Stansberry ◽  
T. Müller ◽  
M. Mueller ◽  
C. Kiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Far Infrared ◽  
Effective Diameter ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Geometric Albedo

Context. A group of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are dynamically related to the dwarf planet 136108 Haumea. Ten of them show strong indications of water ice on their surfaces, are assumed to have resulted from a collision, and are accepted as the only known TNO collisional family. Nineteen other dynamically similar objects lack water ice absorptions and are hypothesized to be dynamical interlopers. Aims. We have made observations to determine sizes and geometric albedos of six of the accepted Haumea family members and one dynamical interloper. Ten other dynamical interlopers have been measured by previous works. We compare the individual and statistical properties of the family members and interlopers, examining the size and albedo distributions of both groups. We also examine implications for the total mass of the family and their ejection velocities. Methods. We use far-infrared space-based telescopes to observe the target TNOs near their thermal peak and combine these data with optical magnitudes to derive sizes and albedos using radiometric techniques. Using measured and inferred sizes together with ejection velocities, we determine the power-law slope of ejection velocity as a function of effective diameter. Results. The detected Haumea family members have a diversity of geometric albedos ~0.3–0.8, which are higher than geometric albedos of dynamically similar objects without water ice. The median geometric albedo for accepted family members is pV = 0.48−0.18+0.28, compared to 0.08−0.05+0.07 for the dynamical interlopers. In the size range D = 175−300 km, the slope of the cumulative size distribution is q = 3.2−0.4+0.7 for accepted family members, steeper than the q = 2.0 ± 0.6 slope for the dynamical interlopers with D < 500 km. The total mass of Haumea’s moons and family members is 2.4% of Haumea’s mass. The ejection velocities required to emplace them on their current orbits show a dependence on diameter, with a power-law slope of 0.21–0.50.

Family Therapy in Cases of Interminable Grief for the Loss of a Child

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott J. Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Family Therapy ◽  
Family History ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Grief Work ◽  
Death Of A Child ◽  
Loss Of A Child ◽  
The Individual

This paper presents a treatment method in cases where grieving for the death of a child extends beyond normal parameters. The symptoms of interminable grief are likely to continue unless there is direct, and often dramatic intervention. Guidelines for clinical assessment are presented, with particular emphasis upon the investigation of family history in which an early, unresolved death may have occurred. This approach integrates grief work with the individual into a family therapy framework and reflects the notion that grieving, even if identified in one person, is a family affair. Criteria for the inclusion of family members in treatment are considered, the stresses upon the therapist are addressed, a course of treatment is outlined, and two representative cases are presented.

scholarly journals “Swinging Pendulum”: Lives of Family Members Caring for A Dying Relative

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Sumaguingsing ◽  
Rudolf Cymorr Kirby Palogan Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Spiritual Support ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Interpretive Phenomenology ◽  
Home Setting ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Van Manen ◽  
Informal Carers ◽  
The Individual

Among cultures which place emphasis on the centrality of family in ones lives, the care for the dying patient is more often than not delegated on family members. Given this context, it is interesting to note that few research have been done on the experiences of these individuals who provide care to their dying relatives. This research aims to understand the lives of these informal carers as they provide care to their dying relatives. After securing clearance from an IRB, seven (5) informants, deemed as coresearchers, were recruited and agreed to participate in this study. The co-researchers where selected based on a pre-set criteria and the number were reached based on theoretical saturation. Multiple individual in-depth face-to-face interviews were done to create the individual narratives which was later reflectively analysed. Interpretive phenomenology as espoused by van Manen served as the philosophical underpinning of the study. Consequently, the proposed analytic technique of van Manen was utilized as the process of reflective analysis. After the process of reflective analysis, three (3) themes were gathered, namely: Ambivalence in anticipation, Courage in uncertainty, Meaning in suffering. These themes represent for the co-researchers their lives as they care for their dying relatives. Further, these themes reflects for the co-researchers a phenomenon of living moment-to-moment, unsure of what tomorrow will bring, patiently waiting for their relative to cross over. For them, there seems to be a constant struggle of finding a reason for being and a sense of what has happened, what is happening and what could happen to their dying relative and their family after their death. This essence can be symbolically represented by a swinging pendulum, constantly in motion trying to situate ambivalence in their anticipation, looking for courage amidst uncertainty and finding formeaning in their experience of suffering. The insights suggest that there is a need for constant dialogue among family members and health care providers as they assumed the role of primary caregivers. Further continued emotional, moral and spiritual support is implied during this transition as well as follow-ups when the families are at the home setting.

scholarly journals Knowledge transfer and management among Malay traditional massage practitioners in the north of Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 05005
Author(s):  
Norizan Esa ◽  
Salasiah Che Lah ◽  
Sakiinah Mahamad Hakimi
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Traditional Healing ◽  
Community Or ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual

Local knowledge is knowledge transferred across generations by individuals or community through experience in the environment they live in. This includes the knowledge and practices that are still practiced by a community or individual. Apart from trust, the willingness and capacity to share what they know and use what they learn plays an important role for local knowledge to be transferred and managed. In Malaysia, traditional Malay massage is a form of traditional healing among the Malay society that was recorded since the 19th century through Kitab Tib manuscript. This form of healing uses natural resources, wafak (letters, numerals and diagrams), Quranic verses and doa (prayers and supplications) in the healing practice. This paper attempts to explore on how the knowledge is passed down from expert to apprentice. This study involves interviews and observation on selected Malay traditional massage practitioners. In conclusion, knowledge transfer among Malay traditional massage practitioners only happens when there is trust trust. Knowledge is passed down within their family members and learned from observation and experience. The traditional Malay massage remains only within the individual or a limited number within the family community rather than the community as a whole.

“In the Exercise of a Sound Discretion, Who, of This Class of Persons, Shall Have a Right to the License…”: Family, Race, and Firearms in Antebellum North Carolina

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-412
Author(s):  
Antwain K. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Black People ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Professional Networks ◽  
Racial Identities ◽  
Free Black ◽  
Legal Fees ◽  
License Requirement ◽  
The Individual

In 1841, North Carolina passed a law requiring free black people to acquire firearm licenses from their county court. This essay argues that the license requirement forced free black people to rely on their families’ support to access firearms, which sits contrary to the “individual right” framework that firearms are often viewed through. Family members helped free black people to construct racial identities, highlight trustworthiness, connect individuals to patrons and professional networks, and manage legal fees, all in pursuit of firearm access. This essay contributes to our understanding of antebellum black families and their connections to their broader interracial communities.

Differential Expression and Functions of NOTCH Family Members and Involvement of NR4A1 in the Regulation of Apoptosis in CLL

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 3919-3919
Author(s):  
Rainer Hubmann ◽  
Martin Hilgarth ◽  
Susanne Schnabl ◽  
Elena Ponath ◽  
Dita Demirtas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Target Gene ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Activated State ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Abstract 3919 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells express constitutively activated NOTCH2 in a protein kinase C (PKC) dependent manner linking NOTCH2 to the activated state of the leukemic cells. The transcriptional activity of NOTCH2 is associated with the expression of CD23 and enhanced CLL cell viability. However, the regulation and possible functions of the individual NOTCH family members (NOTCH1–4) in CLL cells remain to be clarified. We took advantage of targeting nuclear NOTCH2 using the recently identified NOTCH2 transactivation inhibitor gliotoxin (WO 2006/135949). We also analysed the regulation and possible function of NOTCH1–4 in PKC stimulated CLL cells using a PMA model (Hubmann et al., BJH 2010) and a microenvironment model where CLL lymphocytes were co-cultured with primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) (Shehata et al., BLOOD 2010). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated that gliotoxin inhibited DNA-bound NOTCH2 complexes in PMA stimulated CLL cells in parallel to increasing the rate of apoptosis (mean±SD: 67±31% in gliotoxin treated cells versus 13±14% in the untreated controls, n=21). This was associated with downregulation of CD23A mRNA expression and CD23 surface expression (mean±SD: 42±32% versus 83±17%, n=21) as assessed by RT-PCR and FACS analysis. Exceptionally, one CLL case with a recently described NOTCH1 gain of function mutation appeared to be less sensitive to gliotoxin and had a persistent high expression of CD23. We next tested whether NOTCH2 inhibition by gliotoxin is a selective process or indirectly mediated by effects on proteasome regulated apoptosis. Proteasome assays showed that gliotoxin had a minimal or no effect on the chymotrypsin like activity of the proteasome in CLL cells. In addition, the activity of the proteasome regulated transcription factor NFκB and the expression of its target genes like BCL2 and MCL1 were also not influenced by gliotoxin. These data point to the selectivity of targeting NOTCH2 signaling by gliotoxin rather than indirectly through the regulation of proteasome activity. Short term (4 hours) exposure of CLL cells revealed that NOTCH1 was equally transcribed in unstimulated and in PMA activated CLL cells. NOTCH2 was upregulated in PMA activated CLL lymphocytes whereas NOTCH4 was only weakly detectable in unstimulated CLL cells. Gliotoxin treatment resulted in the downregulation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2 and NOTCH4 mRNA expression. Interestingly, the inhibition of NOTCH2 activity by gliotoxin was associated with the concomitant induction of NOTCH3 signaling especially in the presence of PMA. This was indicated by the induced mRNA expression of NOTCH3 and its preferred target gene HEY1. Moreover, the induced transcription of HEY1 correlated with the upregulation of NR4A1, a key regulator of apoptosis in activated lymphocytes. These data may thus point to a pro-apoptotic role for NOTCH3/HEY1/NR4A1 signaling in CLL cells. The data also suggest that gliotoxin induced apoptosis is associated with differential regulation of the anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic arms of NOTCH signalling in CLL cells. RT-PCR revealed that NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 are the main NOTCH family members which are expressed in CLL cells under co-culture conditions with BMSC and in freshly isolated CLL cells. Exposure to gliotoxin in co-culture selectively induced apoptosis in CLL cells and led to downregulation of NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 together with upregulation of NOTCH3 mRNA expression. In summary, the data suggest that nuclear NOTCH2 activity might protect activated CLL cells from apoptosis by modulating the expression of NR4A1. The induced expression of NOTCH3 and its target gene HEY1 by gliotoxin reveals the complex role of different NOTCH family members in the regulation of apoptosis in CLL cells. Therefore, the individual NOTCH receptors may have opposite effects on CLL cell viability which should be considered in therapeutic approaches aimed to target NOTCH signaling in CLL. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Analysis and identification of the Grem2 heparin/heparan sulfate-binding motif

2017 ◽  
Vol 474 (7) ◽  
pp. 1093-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandramohan Kattamuri ◽  
Kristof Nolan ◽  
Thomas B. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Surface Binding ◽  
Cell Surface Binding ◽  
Binding Epitope ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
The Individual

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are regulated by extracellular antagonists of the DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) family. Similar to the BMP ligands, certain DAN family members have been shown to interact with heparin and heparan sulfate (HS). Structural studies of DAN family members Gremlin-1 and Gremlin-2 (Grem2) have revealed a dimeric growth factor-like fold where a series of lysine residues cluster along one face of the protein. In the present study, we used mutagenesis, heparin-binding measurements, and cell surface-binding analysis to identify lysine residues that are important for heparin/HS binding in Grem2. We determined that residues involved in heparin/HS binding, while not necessary for BMP antagonism, merge with the heparin/HS-binding epitope of BMP2. Furthermore, the Grem2–BMP2 complex has higher affinity for heparin than the individual proteins and this affinity is not abrogated when the heparin/HS-binding epitope of Grem2 is attenuated. Overall, the present study shows that the Grem2 heparin/HS and BMP-binding epitopes are unique and independent, where, interestingly, the Grem2–BMP2 complex exhibits a significant increase in binding affinity toward heparin moieties that appear to be partially independent of the Grem2 heparin/HS-binding epitope.

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