14. Interest groups

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Erne
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Contentious Politics ◽  
Voluntary Organizations ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Private Interest ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Interest Representation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternative Suggestion

This chapter examines the role that interest groups play in political systems across time and space. Many scholars define interest groups as voluntary organizations that appeal to government but do not participate in elections. In a comparative context, however, this formal definition is problematic as the form of interest representation varies across countries. An alternative suggestion is to distinguish ‘public’ and ‘private interest groups’, but the term ‘public interest’ is problematic because of its contentious nature. The chapter begins with a review of different definitions of interest groups and the problems associated with each. It then considers the legacies of competing theoretical traditions in the field, namely republicanism, pluralism, and neocorporatism. It also discusses the role of interest associations in practice, distinguishing different types of action that are available to different groups, including direct lobbying, political exchange, contentious politics, and private interest government.

14. Interest Groups

2020 ◽  
pp. 252-266
Author(s):  
Roland Erne
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Contentious Politics ◽  
Voluntary Organizations ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Private Interest ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Interest Representation ◽  
Alternative Suggestion

This chapter examines the role that interest groups play in political systems across time and space. Many scholars define interest groups as voluntary organizations that appeal to government but do not participate in elections. In a comparative context, however, this formal definition is problematic as the form of interest representation varies across countries. An alternative suggestion is to distinguish ‘public’ and ‘private interest groups’, but the term ‘public interest’ is problematic because of its contentious nature. The chapter begins with a review of different definitions of interest groups and the problems associated with each. It then considers the legacies of competing theoretical traditions in the field, namely republicanism, pluralism, and neocorporatism. It also discusses the role of interest associations in practice, distinguishing different types of action that are available to different groups, including direct lobbying, political exchange, contentious politics, and private interest government.

Collective bargaining, minimum wages and public procurement in Germany: Regulatory adjustments to the neoliberal drift of a coordinated market economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlef Sack ◽  
EK Sarter
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Electoral Support ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Lower Wage ◽  
Empirical Foundation

This article analyses different types of labour clauses in public procurement regulation that have been enacted in Germany, a coordinated market economy that has experienced a ‘neoliberal drift’ including the decline of the traditional governance of labour and contracting out. Based on an analysis of relevant regulations adopted by the 16 Germany federal states, the article corroborates insights into the prominent role of left parties advocating for labour clauses in public procurement on a much broader empirical foundation than previous research. It adds to scholarly knowledge by revealing that the relative comparative advantage of regions with lower wage levels inhibits labour clauses in federal political systems. It finds that centre-right parties are willing to stipulate certain labour clauses in order to protect small-and medium-sized enterprises, which are core parts of their electoral support base.

Aproximación a la personalidad jurídica de las civitates romanas en época imperial

2014 ◽  
pp. 2093-2120
Author(s):  
Rosa MENTXAKA ELESPE
Keyword(s):  
Private Law ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Legal Entities

LABURPENA: Artikuluan modu oso oinarrizkoan aurkezten dira (hartzaile nagusiak zuzenbide-graduko ikasleak baitira) gure aroko lehenengo hiru mendeetako legelari erromatarrek civitates direlakoek trafiko juridikoan gauzatzen zuten jarduerari buruz egindako erreferentziak. Gai aurkeztu ostean (mundu erromatarrean zeuden mota desberdinetako hiri-kokalekuen arteko diferentziak ere azaltzen dira), klasikoen testuak aztertzen dira; horietan, hiri erromatarrei aitortutako ahalmenak aipatzen dira, zuzenbide publikoaren zein pribatuaren esparrukoak. Azterlanetik kanpo geratzen dira epigrafeetan edo legelariak ez zirenen testuetan egindako aipamenak. RESUMEN: El artículo presenta, de una manera muy básica (ya que tiene como principales destinatarios a las y los estudiantes del grado de derecho) algunas de las referencias que encontramos en los escritos de los juristas romanos de los tres primeros siglos de nuestra era a la actuación de las civitates en el tráfico jurídico. Tras una presentación del tema (en la que se explica la diferencia entre los diversos tipos de asentamientos urbanos existentes en el mundo romano) se pasa revista a los textos de los clásicos en los que se mencionan las facultades reconocidas a las ciudades romanas, tanto en el ámbito del derecho público como privado, dejando fuera del estudio las menciones transmitidas en epígrafes o en escritos de no juristas. ABSTRACT: Because it is mainly addressed to students, this paper presents, in a very basic way, some references to the role of the civitates, as legal entities in legal transactions; the texts are collected from Roman jurists of the first three centuries of our era. After an introduction of the different types of varied urban settlements in the Roman, world, there is an exposition based in the recognized faculties to the cities as actors of legal transactions, both in the field of public and private law, leaving aside the references transmitted in inscriptions or in writings of non-Jurists.

11. Law-Making in Governments and Parliaments

2021 ◽  
pp. 192-210
Author(s):  
Catherine E. De Vries ◽  
Sara B. Hobolt ◽  
Sven-Oliver Proksch ◽  
Jonathan B. Slapin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Veto Players ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Change Policy ◽  
Law Making

This chapter explores how political systems across Europe actually make policy and also how they change policy. It examines in detail how coalitions are formed and looks at how coalitions function. The chapter uses the theoretical lens of the Veto Players theory to consider how the nature of governments, and parties within governments, affect the type of policies that become law. It also looks at the ease with which governments can change existing policy. The chapter moves on to address the role of informal actors such as interest groups. Processes differ across different countries and at the European Union (EU) level and that is examined in this chapter as well.

Interest Group Politics

2020 ◽  
pp. 383-399
Author(s):  
Stella Zambarloukou
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Organized Interests ◽  
Interest Representation ◽  
Interest Group Politics ◽  
Group Politics ◽  
Path Dependent

This chapter examines the unfolding of interest representation and intermediation, from 1974 to 2018 by focusing mostly on the organization of wage labour, farmers, and the liberal professions and their respective ties to the political system. State–society relations in Greece have undergone a number of transformations since the transition to democracy in 1974, but until 2010 these were mostly of a path-dependent nature. Legacies of authoritarianism and clientelism contributed to the formation of close ties between organized interests and political actors, and the model of interest representation and intermediation that emerged after 1974 did not fit with either the pluralist nor the neo-corporatist models that prevailed in other Western European states in the 1970s and 1980s. The particularistic ties formed between interest groups and political parties was seen as part of the problem that led Greece to the verge of default in 2010, which in turn contributed to a dismantling of the existing model. Given that policies during the 2010–18 period were for the most part dictated by the bailout agreements, the role of interest groups inevitably subsided, but a clear alternative to the previous model has not yet emerged.

scholarly journals Direct Democracy and Organized Interests: Examining the Existence of a Participation Gap among Groups

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 345-365
Author(s):  
Robert Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Business Groups ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Group Activity ◽  
Organized Interests ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types

Scholars have devoted increased attention to the role of interest groups in direct democracy campaigns over the past few years. This study seeks to add to this literature by analyzing data drawn from a mail survey of over 400 organized interests in three states. In particular, I examine how and to what extent organized interests utilize tools of direct democracy. Among sample groups, I find that (1) Most groups do something relative to direct democracy; (2) Group activity varies significantly across states; (3) A group’s overall activity varies considerably relative to their involvement with direct democracy; and (4) Little support exists supporting the notion that economic or business groups are more apt to participate in direct democracy than are other types of groups. In short, I find little evidence of a participation gap among different types of groups in the states relative to the practice of direct democracy. The variation in participation that does occur appears to be most closely related to a group’s age and the existence of a PAC.

scholarly journals The dualistic nature of lobbying in modern democracies

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
P. S. Kanevskiy
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Xxth Century ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Democratic Regimes ◽  
Political Interests

The development of lobbying in the modern world is directly related to the dynamics of democratic regimes. The interaction between interest groups and the state is inherent in the nature of constitutional democracies. However, as shown in this article, lobbying in a democracy can be viewed from two opposite perspectives — as a continuation of the spirit of democracy and the development of a dialogue between the civil society and the state and as a deviation from the principles of representative democracy. The article analyzes the categories of public and private interests and it is shown that the interpretation of the role of interest groups and lobbying in a society depends on how we understand the interest and whom we consider as carriers of political interests. It is shown how in the XXth century a classical discussion was developing around the role of interest groups in politics and that this discussion has not lost its relevance today.

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

The Diagnosis of Lupus Anticoagulants by the Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time - The Central Role of Phosphatidyl Serine

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (02) ◽  
pp. 172-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
P R Kelsey ◽  
K J Stevenson ◽  
L Poller
Keyword(s):  
Screening Method ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Phosphatidyl Serine ◽  
Test System ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Constant Composition ◽  
Lupus Anticoagulants ◽  
Different Types

SummaryLiposomes of pure phospholipids were used in a modified APTT test system and the role of phosphatidyl serine (PS) in determining the sensitivity of the test system to the presence of lupus anticoagulants was assessed. Six consecutive patients with lupus anticoagulants and seven haemophiliacs with anticoagulants directed at specific coagulation factors, were studied. Increasing the concentration of phospholipid in the test system markedly reduced the sensitivity to lupus anticoagulants but had marginal effect on the specific factor inhibitors. The same effect was achieved when the content of PS alone was increased in a vehicle liposome of constant composition.The results suggest that the lupus anticoagulants can best be detected by a screening method using an APTT test with a reagent of low PS content. The use of a reagent rich in PS will largely abolish the lupus anticoagulant’s effect on the APTT. An approach using the two different types of reagent may facilitate differentiation of lupus inhibitors from other types of anticoagulant.

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