12. Policy Outcomes in Europe

This chapter explores policy outcomes by looking at a number of European countries. It considers some salient policy areas, including those that are decided primarily at the national level, for example health, and policies that are determined at the more macro, European Union (EU) level, for example trade. It also looks at policy areas that involve shared decision-making across different levels of government, examples here include immigration and the environment. The chapter also focuses on the role of position-taking by political parties and other groups, such as interest groups and social groups or movements. It considers how these explain variations in policy outcomes.

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Die europäische Energieverwaltung vor dem Hintergrund des Integrationsgefüges in der Europäischen Union

10.5771/9783748905684 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

René Scholz

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

European Union ◽

National Level ◽

The Political ◽

Complex Structures ◽

Political Decision ◽

Legislative Action ◽

Policy Goals ◽

Political Decision Making

Challenges in the European energy sector have become so extensive that they cannot be met purely on a national level, but require joint multi-directional European solutions. Complex structures and procedures involving diverse administrative elements and networks have thus emerged, through which a cooperative EU administrative body on energy frames both the political decision-making and legislative action of the Union in this respect, as well as legal implementation as such. This book examines these structures and multilevel cooperation, and the role of supranational and national energy actors, from the standpoint and as an example of European administrative integration. It offers a comprehensive view of EU energy administration, highlights efficiency failings in this regard and points to potential ways of optimising the achievement of European Union energy policy goals.

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Shared decision-making allows subordinates to lead when dominants monopolize resources

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.aba5881 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (48) ◽

pp. eaba5881

Author(s):

Danai Papageorgiou ◽

Damien R. Farine

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Shared Decision Making ◽

Dominance Hierarchy ◽

Social Groups ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Shared Decision ◽

Intragroup Conflict ◽

The Social ◽

Animal Societies

The concepts of leadership and dominance are often conflated, with individuals high in the social hierarchy assumed to be decision-makers. Dominants can exclusively benefit from monopolizing food resources and, therefore, induce an intragroup conflict when leading their group to these resources. We demonstrate that shared decision-making reduces such conflicts by studying movement initiations of wild vulturine guineafowl, a species that forms large, stable social groups with a steep dominance hierarchy. When dominant individuals displace subordinates from monopolizable food patches, the excluded subordinates subsequently initiate collective movement. The dominants then abandon the patch to follow the direction of subordinates, contrasting with nonmonopolizable resources where no individuals are excluded, and dominant individuals contribute extensively to group decisions. Our results demonstrate the role of shared decision-making in maintaining the balance of influence within animal societies.

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The Role of Shared Decision-Making in Audiologic Rehabilitation

Perspectives on Aural Rehabilitation and Its Instrumentation ◽

10.1044/arri21.1.15 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 15-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Helen Pryce ◽

Amanda Hall

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Shared Decision Making ◽

Behavior Changes ◽

Shared Decision ◽

Patient Centered ◽

Treatment Information ◽

Centered Care ◽

Potential Risks ◽

Audiologic Rehabilitation

Shared decision-making (SDM), a component of patient-centered care, is the process in which the clinician and patient both participate in decision-making about treatment; information is shared between the parties and both agree with the decision. Shared decision-making is appropriate for health care conditions in which there is more than one evidence-based treatment or management option that have different benefits and risks. The patient's involvement ensures that the decisions regarding treatment are sensitive to the patient's values and preferences. Audiologic rehabilitation requires substantial behavior changes on the part of patients and includes benefits to their communication as well as compromises and potential risks. This article identifies the importance of shared decision-making in audiologic rehabilitation and the changes required to implement it effectively.

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A tale of two citizens: The Brey-Dano proportionality gap in UK courts and tribunals

European Journal of Social Security ◽

10.1177/13882627211004958 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 138826272110049

Author(s):

Victoria E. Hooton

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

National Level ◽

Case Law ◽

Eu Law ◽

The Law

The role of proportionality and individual assessments in EU residency and welfare access cases has changed significantly over the course of the last decade. This article demonstrates how a search for certainty and efficiency in this area of EU law has created greater uncertainty, more legal hurdles for citizens, and less consistency in decision-making at the national level. UK case law illustrates the difficulty faced by national authorities when interpreting and applying the rules relating to welfare access and proportionality. Ultimately, the law lacks the consistency and transparency that recent CJEU case law seeks to obtain, raising the question of whether the shift from the Court's previous, more flexible, case-by-case approach was desirable after all.

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‘We Should View Him as an Individual’: The Role of the Child’s Future Autonomy in Shared Decision-Making About Unsolicited Findings in Pediatric Exome Sequencing

Health Care Analysis ◽

10.1007/s10728-020-00425-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

W. Dondorp ◽

I. Bolt ◽

A. Tibben ◽

G. De Wert ◽

M. Van Summeren

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Exome Sequencing ◽

Shared Decision Making ◽

Shared Decision

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The Role of Spatio-Temporal Information to Govern the COVID-19 Pandemic: A European Perspective

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ◽

10.3390/ijgi10030166 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 166

Author(s):

Hartmut Müller ◽

Marije Louwsma

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Spatial Information ◽

National Level ◽

Temporal Information ◽

The European Union ◽

Member States ◽

Heavy Burden ◽

Spatio Temporal

The Covid-19 pandemic put a heavy burden on member states in the European Union. To govern the pandemic, having access to reliable geo-information is key for monitoring the spatial distribution of the outbreak over time. This study aims to analyze the role of spatio-temporal information in governing the pandemic in the European Union and its member states. The European Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) system and selected national dashboards from member states were assessed to analyze which spatio-temporal information was used, how the information was visualized and whether this changed over the course of the pandemic. Initially, member states focused on their own jurisdiction by creating national dashboards to monitor the pandemic. Information between member states was not aligned. Producing reliable data and timeliness reporting was problematic, just like selecting indictors to monitor the spatial distribution and intensity of the outbreak. Over the course of the pandemic, with more knowledge about the virus and its characteristics, interventions of member states to govern the outbreak were better aligned at the European level. However, further integration and alignment of public health data, statistical data and spatio-temporal data could provide even better information for governments and actors involved in managing the outbreak, both at national and supra-national level. The Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) initiative and the NUTS system provide a framework to guide future integration and extension of existing systems.

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The role of different nephrology experts in informed shared decision‐making for renal replacement therapy

Journal of Renal Care ◽

10.1111/jorc.12397 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anja Stoye ◽

Julia‐Marie Zimmer ◽

Matthias Girndt ◽

Wilfried Mau

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Renal Replacement Therapy ◽

Replacement Therapy ◽

Shared Decision Making ◽

Shared Decision

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INTRODUCTION: HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND THE EUROPEAN UNION

International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care ◽

10.1017/s0266462300101011 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 299-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

David Banta ◽

Wija Oortwijn

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Decision Making ◽

European Union ◽

Health Technology Assessment ◽

European Commission ◽

Technology Assessment ◽

Health Technology ◽

The European Union ◽

European Level

Health technology assessment (HTA) has become increasingly important in the European Union as an aid to decision making. As agencies and programs have been established, there is increasing attention to coordination of HTA at the European level, especially considering the growing role of the European Union in public health in Europe. This series of papers describes and analyzes the situation with regard to HTA in the 15 members of the European Union, plus Switzerland. The final paper draws some conclusions, especially concerning the future involvement of the European Commission in HTA.

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