scholarly journals Toward Molecular Imaging of Intestinal Pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1470-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariane Le Fur ◽  
Iris Y Zhou ◽  
Onofrio Catalano ◽  
Peter Caravan
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intestinal Fibrosis ◽  
Positron Emission

Abstract Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is defined by a chronic relapsing and remitting inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, with intestinal fibrosis being a major complication. The etiology of IBD remains unknown, but it is thought to arise from a dysregulated and excessive immune response to gut luminal microbes triggered by genetic and environmental factors. To date, IBD has no cure, and treatments are currently directed at relieving symptoms and treating inflammation. The current diagnostic of IBD relies on endoscopy, which is invasive and does not provide information on the presence of extraluminal complications and molecular aspect of the disease. Cross-sectional imaging modalities such as computed tomography enterography (CTE), magnetic resonance enterography (MRE), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and hybrid modalities have demonstrated high accuracy for the diagnosis of IBD and can provide both functional and morphological information when combined with the use of molecular imaging probes. This review presents the state-of-the-art imaging techniques and molecular imaging approaches in the field of IBD and points out future directions that could help improve our understanding of IBD pathological processes, along with the development of efficient treatments.

THE MATHEMATICS OF THE IMAGING TECHNIQUES OF MEG, CT, PET AND SPECT

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (06) ◽  
pp. 1671-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. FOKAS ◽  
V. MARINAKIS
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon Emission ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Single Photon Emission Computed ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

The imaging techniques of magnetoencephalography (MEG), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are reviewed, and the analytical solutions of the relevant inverse problems are presented. The numerical implementation of the exact formulas yield accurate reconstructions for both realistic phantoms as well as real data.

Molecular Imaging: Implications for Oral Cancer

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Shubhasini A Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
World Population

ABSTRACT Cancer is a scourge that affects millions of the world population. The incidence of oral cancer is alarmingly high in the Indian subcontinent. What is more appalling is the low survival rate of these patients. Various efforts are being made to bring about early diagnosis, accurate staging and aggressive treatment. Molecular imaging is one step in this direction. Today, imaging plays a role not just in detecting what is radiopaque and what is radiolucent, but also plays a very active role in detecting disease down to the level of a single cell. The field of molecular imaging has been defined as ‘the visualization, characterization, and measurement of biologic processes at molecular and cellular levels in humans and other living systems’. The amalgamation of advanced imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography with Computed Tomography, the use of newer contrast agents, incorporation of nanoparticles all have brought about these revolutionary changes in imaging. The purpose of this article is to describe the various techniques used in molecular imaging specifically highlighting their application in head and neck cancer.

scholarly journals Molecular Imaging in Tumor Angiogenesis and Relevant Drug Research

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xibo Ma ◽  
Jie Tian ◽  
Xin Yang ◽  
Chenghu Qin
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Tumor Angiogenesis ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Novel Drug

Molecular imaging, including fluorescence imaging (FMI), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT), and computed tomography (CT), has a pivotal role in the process of tumor and relevant drug research. CT, especially Micro-CT, can provide the anatomic information for a region of interest (ROI); PET and SPECT can provide functional information for the ROI. BLI and FMI can provide optical information for an ROI. Tumor angiogenesis and relevant drug development is a lengthy, high-risk, and costly process, in which a novel drug needs about 10–15 years of testing to obtain Federal Drug Association (FDA) approval. Molecular imaging can enhance the development process by understanding the tumor mechanisms and drug activity. In this paper, we focus on tumor angiogenesis, and we review the characteristics of molecular imaging modalities and their applications in tumor angiogenesis and relevant drug research.

scholarly journals Molecular Imaging of Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneesh K. Ramaswamy ◽  
Mark Hamilton ◽  
Rucha V. Joshi ◽  
Benjamin P. Kline ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Aortic Aneurysms ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Chemical Application ◽  
Abdominal Aortic

Current laboratory research in the field of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease often utilizes small animal experimental models induced by genetic manipulation or chemical application. This has led to the use and development of multiple high-resolution molecular imaging modalities capable of tracking disease progression, quantifying the role of inflammation, and evaluating the effects of potential therapeutics.In vivoimaging reduces the number of research animals used, provides molecular and cellular information, and allows for longitudinal studies, a necessity when tracking vessel expansion in a single animal. This review outlines developments of both established and emerging molecular imaging techniques used to study AAA disease. Beyond the typical modalities used for anatomical imaging, which include ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT), previous molecular imaging efforts have used magnetic resonance (MR), near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF), bioluminescence, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). Mouse and rat AAA models will hopefully provide insight into potential disease mechanisms, and the development of advanced molecular imaging techniques, if clinically useful, may have translational potential. These efforts could help improve the management of aneurysms and better evaluate the therapeutic potential of new treatments for human AAA disease.

Recent Advances in Targeting Nuclear Molecular Imaging Driven by Tetrazine Bioorthogonal Chemistry

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (23) ◽  
pp. 3924-3943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Dong ◽  
Xueyi Wang ◽  
Junwei Zheng ◽  
Xiaoyang Zhang ◽  
Yiwen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Bioorthogonal Chemistry ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Diagnosis Of Cancer

Molecular imaging techniques apply sophisticated technologies to monitor, directly or indirectly, the spatiotemporal distribution of molecular or cellular processes for biomedical, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes. For example, Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging, the most representative modalities of molecular imaging, enable earlier and more accurate diagnosis of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. New possibilities for noninvasive molecular imaging in vivo have emerged with advances in bioorthogonal chemistry. For example, tetrazine-related Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reactions can rapidly generate short-lived radioisotope probes in vivo that provide strong contrast for SPECT and PET. Here, we review pretargeting strategies for molecular imaging and novel radiotracers synthesized via tetrazine bioorthogonal chemistry. We systematically describe advances in direct radiolabeling and pretargeting approaches in SPECT and PET using metal and nonmetal radioisotopes based on tetrazine bioorthogonal reactions, and we discuss prospects for the future of such contrast agents.

scholarly journals Novel Imaging Techniques for Heart Failure

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep L Melero-Ferrer ◽  
Raquel López-Vilella ◽  
Herminio Morillas-Climent ◽  
Jorge Sanz-Sánchez ◽  
Ignacio J Sánchez-Lázaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Nuclear Imaging ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Positron Emission

Imaging techniques play a main role in heart failure (HF) diagnosis, assessment of aetiology and treatment guidance. Echocardiography is the method of choice for its availability, cost and it provides most of the information required for the management and follow up of HF patients. Other non-invasive cardiac imaging modalities, such as cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), nuclear imaging-positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT) could provide additional aetiological, prognostic and therapeutic information, especially in selected populations. This article reviews current indications and possible future applications of imaging modalities to improve the management of HF patients.

Computerized Tomography (CT) Updates and Challenges in Diagnosis of Bone Metastases During Prostate Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 565-571
Author(s):  
Jinguo Zhang ◽  
Guanzhong Zhai ◽  
Bin Yang ◽  
Zhenhe Liu
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Metastases ◽  
Computerized Tomography ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Tracer Uptake ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Pet Ct

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. This cancer is often associated with indolent tumors with little or no lethal potential. Some of the patients with aggressive prostate cancer have increased morbidity and early deaths. A major complication in advanced prostate cancer is bone metastasis that mainly results in pain, pathological fractures, and compression of spinal nerves. These complications in turn cause severe pain radiating to the extremities and possibly sensory as well as motor disturbances. Further, in patients with a high risk of metastases, treatment is limited to palliative therapies. Therefore, accurate methods for the detection of bone metastases are essential. Technical advances such as single-photon emission computed tomography/ computed tomography (SPECT/CT) have emerged after the introduction of bone scans. These advanced methods allow tomographic image acquisition and help in attenuation correction with anatomical co-localization. The use of positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) scanners is also on the rise. These PET scanners are mainly utilized with 18F-sodium-fluoride (NaF), in order to visualize the skeleton and possible changes. Moreover, NaF PET/CT is associated with higher tracer uptake, increased target-to-background ratio and has a higher spatial resolution. However, these newer technologies have not been adopted in clinical guidelines due to lack of definite evidence in support of their use in bone metastases cases. The present review article is focused on current perspectives and challenges of computerized tomography (CT) applications in cases of bone metastases during prostate cancer.

scholarly journals A Nordic survey of CT doses in hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT examinations

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie A. Bebbington ◽  
Bryan T. Haddock ◽  
Henrik Bertilsson ◽  
Eero Hippeläinen ◽  
Ellen M. Husby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon Emission ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Clinical Purpose ◽  
Single Photon Emission Computed ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Abstract Background Computed tomography (CT) scans are routinely performed in positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) examinations globally, yet few surveys have been conducted to gather national diagnostic reference level (NDRL) data for CT radiation doses in positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT). In this first Nordic-wide study of CT doses in hybrid imaging, Nordic NDRL CT doses are suggested for PET/CT and SPECT/CT examinations specific to the clinical purpose of CT, and the scope for optimisation is evaluated. Data on hybrid imaging CT exposures and clinical purpose of CT were gathered for 5 PET/CT and 8 SPECT/CT examinations via designed booklet. For each included dataset for a given facility and scanner type, the computed tomography dose index by volume (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) was interpolated for a 75-kg person (referred to as CTDIvol,75kg and DLP75kg). Suggested NDRL (75th percentile) and achievable doses (50th percentile) were determined for CTDIvol,75kg and DLP75kg according to clinical purpose of CT. Differences in maximum and minimum doses (derived for a 75-kg patient) between facilities were also calculated for each examination and clinical purpose. Results Data were processed from 83 scanners from 43 facilities. Data were sufficient to suggest Nordic NDRL CT doses for the following: PET/CT oncology (localisation/characterisation, 15 systems); infection/inflammation (localisation/characterisation, 13 systems); brain (attenuation correction (AC) only, 11 systems); cardiac PET/CT and SPECT/CT (AC only, 30 systems); SPECT/CT lung (localisation/characterisation, 12 systems); bone (localisation/characterisation, 30 systems); and parathyroid (localisation/characterisation, 13 systems). Great variations in dose were seen for all aforementioned examinations. Greatest differences in DLP75kg for each examination, specific to clinical purpose, were as follows: SPECT/CT lung AC only (27.4); PET/CT and SPECT/CT cardiac AC only (19.6); infection/inflammation AC only (18.1); PET/CT brain localisation/characterisation (16.8); SPECT/CT bone localisation/characterisation (10.0); PET/CT oncology AC only (9.0); and SPECT/CT parathyroid localisation/characterisation (7.8). Conclusions Suggested Nordic NDRL CT doses are presented according to clinical purpose of CT for PET/CT oncology, infection/inflammation, brain, PET/CT and SPECT/CT cardiac, and SPECT/CT lung, bone, and parathyroid. The large variation in doses suggests great scope for optimisation in all 8 examinations.

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