scholarly journals Melding Modeling and Morphology: A Call for Collaboration to Address Difficult Questions about the Evolution of Form and Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1188-1192
Author(s):  
Lindsay D Waldrop ◽  
Jonathan A Rader
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Interdisciplinary Collaborations ◽  
And Function

Synopsis The nascent field of evolutionary biomechanics seeks to understand how form begets function, and researchers have taken two tacks toward this goal: inferring form based on function (comparative biomechanics) or inferring function based on form (functional morphology). Each tack has strengths and weaknesses, which the other could improve. The symposium, “Melding modeling and morphology—integrating approaches to understand the evolution of form and function” sought to highlight research stitching together the two tacks. In this introduction to the symposium’s issue, we highlight these works, discuss the challenges of interdisciplinary collaborations, and suggest possible avenues available to create new collaborations to create a unifying framework for evolutionary biomechanics.

scholarly journals The iron-responsive genome of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M. Varney ◽  
Daniel I. Speiser ◽  
Carmel McDougall ◽  
Bernard M. Degnan ◽  
Kevin M. Kocot
Keyword(s):  
Iron Transport ◽  
West Indian ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Major Clade ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Molluscan Evolution ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTMolluscs biomineralize structures that vary in composition, form, and function, prompting questions about the genetic mechanisms responsible for their production and the evolution of these mechanisms. Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) are a promising system for studies of biomineralization because they build a range of calcified structures including shell plates and spine- or scale-like sclerites. Chitons also harden the calcified teeth of their rasp-like radula with a coat of iron (as magnetite). Here we present the genome of the West Indian fuzzy chiton Acanthopleura granulata, the first from any aculiferan mollusc. The A. granulata genome contains homologs of many biomineralization genes identified previously in conchiferan molluscs. We expected chitons to lack genes previously identified from pathways conchiferans use to make biominerals like calcite and nacre because chitons do not use these materials in their shells. Surprisingly, the A. granulata genome has homologs of many of these genes, suggesting that the ancestral mollusc had a more diverse biomineralization toolkit than expected. The A. granulata genome has features that may be specialized for iron biomineralization, including a higher proportion of genes regulated directly by iron than other molluscs. A. granulata also produces two isoforms of soma-like ferritin: one is regulated by iron and similar in sequence to the soma-like ferritins of other molluscs, and the other is constitutively translated and is not found in other molluscs. The A. granulata genome is a resource for future studies of molluscan evolution and biomineralization.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTChitons are molluscs that make shell plates, spine- or scale-like sclerites, and iron-coated teeth. Currently, all molluscs with sequenced genomes lie within one major clade (Conchifera). Sequencing the genome of a representative from the other major clade (Aculifera) helps us learn about the origins and evolution of molluscan traits. The genome of the West Indian Fuzzy Chiton, Acanthopleura granulata, reveals chitons have homologs of many genes other molluscs use to make shells, suggesting all molluscs share some shell-making pathways. The genome of A. granulata has more genes that may be regulated directly by iron than other molluscs, and chitons produce a unique isoform of a major iron-transport protein (ferritin), suggesting that chitons have genomic specializations that contribute to their production of iron-coated teeth.

The alignment of form and function

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dunstan Brown ◽  
Carole Tiberius ◽  
Greville G. Corbett
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frequency Information ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Frequent Form ◽  
Single Function ◽  
The One ◽  
Default Rules ◽  
And Function

This paper analyses constraints on inflectional syncretism and inflectional allomorphy using frequency information. Syncretism arises where one form is associated with more than one function, whereas inflectional allomorphy occurs where there is more than one inflectional class, and a single function is associated with two or more forms. If high frequency is associated with more differentiation on both sides, we expect, on the one hand, that a frequent function will have a high number of forms and, on the other, that a frequent form will have a high number of functions. Our study focuses on Russian nominals, in particular nouns, which exhibit both syncretism and inflectional allomorphy. We find that there is a relationship between frequency and differentiation, but that it is not exceptionless, and that the exceptions can be understood in terms of the use of referrals as default rules.

Indigenous approaches to the past: ‘Creative histories’ at the Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiera Lindsey
Keyword(s):  
Visual Art ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Responses ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Way

This article discusses a recent art project created by the Wiradjuri and Kamilaroi artist Jonathon Jones, which was commissioned to commemorate the opening of the revitalized Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney in early 2020. Jones’ work involves a dramatic installation of red and white crushed stones laid throughout the grounds of the barracks, merging the image of the emu footprint with that of the English broad convict arrow to ‘consider Australia’s layered history and contemporary cultural relations’. This work was accompanied by a ‘specially-curated programme’ of performances, workshops, storytelling and Artist Talks. Together, these elements were designed to unpack how certain ‘stories determine the ways we came together as a nation’. As one of the speakers of the Artist Talk’s programme, I had a unique opportunity to experiment with what colleagues and I have been calling ‘Creative histories’ in reference to the way some artists and historians are choosing to communicate their research about the past in ways that experiment with form and function and push disciplinary or generic boundaries. This article reflects upon how these two distinct creative history projects – one visual art, the other performative – renegotiate the complex and contested pasts of the Hyde Park Barracks. I suggest that both examples speak to the role of memory and creativity in shaping cultural responses to Australia’s colonial past, while Jones' programme illustrates how Indigenous artists and academics are making a profound intervention into contemporary understandings of how history is ‘done’ in Australia.

Functional morphology of the pretarsus in larval Thysanoptera

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Heming
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Depressor Muscle ◽  
And Function

Legs of larval thrips differ in form and function from those of the adults. The tarsal depressor muscle and tibial gland of the adult are absent, the trochanter and tarsus are fused to the femur and tibia, respectively, and the relative sizes and shapes of the remaining parts differ.Contraction of the pretarsal depressor muscle elevates and flattens the unguitractor plate and flexes the ungues laterally and downward. Extenders associated with the bases of the ungues rotate outward and pull out and spread the arolium. This subsequently inflates with blood pressure. When the depressor muscle relaxes, the recoil of two stretched restraining tendons originating on the tibiotarsal walls and inserting proximally into the unguitractor apodeme returns the unguitractor plate to its resting position. The ungues approach each other anteriorly and the extenders flip back into the pretarsus, pulling the arolium within the unguitractor plate as the latter rolls up longitudinally. Minor differences in pretarsal function existing between larvae of the two suborders are indicated.Replacement of the first- by the second-instar pretarsus is described and an explanation is offered for the origin of the divergence between larval and imaginal mechanisms.

scholarly journals The Linguistic Issues of Form and function and their Effect on Translating Conditional Structures in the Qur’an

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hassan Sayed Morsy, Ph.D.
Keyword(s):  
Common Type ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Conditional Sentence ◽  
Conditional Structures ◽  
And Function

According to Ryding (2005), "conditional propositions are ones in which hypothetical conditions are specified in order for something else to take place." He adds "there are two clauses, one that specifies the condition…" and "one that specifies the consequences or result of those conditions" (p.671).  On the other hand, "the equivalent terms in Arabic are شرط /ʃartˤ/ (for the condition clause) and جواب /jawaab/ (for the consequence clause)"(p.671).  The writer divides conditions into "reasonably realizable" (if you study hard, you will pass) and "simply expressions of impossible or “contrary to fact” conditions"(p.671) (If he were rich, he would buy your car).  In brief, conditional sentences in both English and Arabic can be grouped into two categories, namely, real conditionals and unreal ones.  Real conditionals are indicated by a speaker who believes positively about the achievement of the condition, while the speaker of the unreal ones believes negatively about this achievement.   Moreover, the use of different conditional particles appoints the type of the condition in Arabic, but it is identified by the cluster of verb forms in English.  In English, the conditional sentence may precede or follow the main sentence, but it generally precedes the main sentence in Arabic. The tense of the verbs used in English conditional sentences differ in most cases from their Arabic counterparts. Furthermore, the most common type of conditionals in English involves ‘if’ and ‘unless’ but there are three common conditional particles and about ten conditional nouns in Arabic.  Ryding (2005) states that, "Arabic uses different particles to express possible conditions and impossible conditions"(p.671). The English conditional article ' if ' has three equivalents in Arabic: /?in/, /?iðaa/ and /law/.  The verbs of the two English conditional clauses in each of the four cases are in a sort of harmony in tense, but in Arabic such tense agreement is not a must.  Hence, we conclude that there is a general tense harmony between the English conditional clauses, but in Arabic, this is not commonly the case.  This dissonance leads to some extent of confusion while translating the source language(SL) into the target language(TL) in general and from the Quran ( as SL) into English (as TL) in particular.

Kata Ganti Orang dalam Bahasa Pagu (Isam)

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsye Jesti Mutji
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Possessive Pronoun ◽  
The West ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Local Languages

Pagu (Isam) language is a member of the NorthHalmaheran family of the West Papuan phylum. Pagu (Isam) Language is  the language is almost extinctbecauseitsspeakers are less. Because of that problem the author hopes this research willbe motivate the other writersto preserve local languages in a study.This research is a description about personal pronounin Pagu (Isam) language. Personal pronounrefers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and function.The problems of this research are what are the form and function used in the sentence of Pagu (Isam)language.The result of this research will be concluded not only descriptionaboutpersonal pronoun in Pagu (Isam) language but also one aspect of personal pronounthatnot yet known there are third personal pronoun with neutral gender andthenat possessive pronoun we just need to add“to”as a marker that it is possessive pronoun.Key word: Description, Personal Pronoun, Pagu (Isam) Language

The Relationship of Form and Function of Minute Characters of Lepidopterous Larvae, and its Importance in Life-History Studies

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 991-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Rae MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
The Other ◽  
Taxonomic Study ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
And Function ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe information to be obtained from thorough life-history studies is an extremely useful tool, perhaps especially so when ecology is being emphasized, as it is to-day, by the life-table and other mathematical approaches to the study of population processes. This information is desired by workers in many fields of entomology – by the biological and chemical control experts, the biomathematicians, the theorists and even the taxonomists. However, much of the knowledge that these workers require, for instance the fine distinctions of behaviour and environment, has been overlooked in most life-history studies, and I strongly suspect that one of the weaknesses of studies of this nature has been the failure to analyse the mode of living of an insect (or, in the case of Lepidoptera, of the immature forms) in relation to the anatomy on one hand and environmental circumstances on the other. To look for these relationships, I believe that one requires (a) the ability and perseverance to perceive detail as minute as that required for a taxonomic study, and (b) a considerable knowledge of the taxonomic detail that is to be obtained from basic morphological studies. Therefore, in this paper, attention is drawn to pertinent structural characters of lepidopterous larvae and their probable connection with the behaviour and microhabitats of the larvae, in the hope that some guidance may be offered to future students of life-histories, at least in Lepidoptera.

Virtual Functional Morphology: Novel Approaches to the Study of Craniofacial Form and Function

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul O’Higgins ◽  
Laura C. Fitton ◽  
Roger Phillips ◽  
JunFen Shi ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals The iron-responsive genome of the chiton Acanthopleura Granulata

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M Varney ◽  
Daniel I Speiser ◽  
Carmel McDougall ◽  
Bernard M Degnan ◽  
Kevin M Kocot
Keyword(s):  
West Indian ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Molluscan Evolution ◽  
And Function

Abstract Molluscs biomineralize structures that vary in composition, form, and function, prompting questions about the genetic mechanisms responsible for their production and the evolution of these mechanisms. Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) are a promising system for studies of biomineralization because they build a range of calcified structures including shell plates and spine- or scale-like sclerites. Chitons also harden the calcified teeth of their rasp-like radula with a coat of iron (as magnetite). Here we present the genome of the West Indian fuzzy chiton Acanthopleura granulata, the first from any aculiferan mollusc. The A. granulata genome contains homologs of many genes associated with biomineralization in conchiferan molluscs. We expected chitons to lack genes previously identified from pathways conchiferans use to make biominerals like calcite and nacre because chitons do not use these materials in their shells. Surprisingly, the A. granulata genome has homologs of many of these genes, suggesting that the ancestral mollusc may have had a more diverse biomineralization toolkit than expected. The A. granulata genome has features that may be specialized for iron biomineralization, including a higher proportion of genes regulated directly by iron than other molluscs. A. granulata also produces two isoforms of soma-like ferritin: one is regulated by iron and similar in sequence to the soma-like ferritins of other molluscs, and the other is constitutively translated and is not found in other molluscs. The A. granulata genome is a resource for future studies of molluscan evolution and biomineralization.

scholarly journals Marriage quandaries in Central Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-146
Author(s):  
Juliette Cleuziou ◽  
Julie McBrien
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Societal Issues ◽  
Relational Practice ◽  
Single Term ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The One ◽  
And Function

Abstract Many Central Asians speak of marriage as important and self-evident despite the fact that marriage in practice across the region presents a more complicated story. There is not only an extensive array of practices indicated by the single term marriage and a wide variety of things accomplishes by its conclusion and duration, but many non-marital sets of relations in Central Asia similarly realise what marriage does. This may lead one to question whether there is any sense in trying to pin marriage down at all. Yet, this tension — the flexibility of marriage in form and function, and its overlap with nonmarriage on the one hand, and its abiding importance and, at times, self-evidentiary nature, on the other — we suggest, lies at the heart of marriage-as-practice in Central Asia. Following recent turns in kinship studies, and long-standing feminist traditions, this paper envisages marriage as a relational practice of legitimization rather than pinning it down as a particular content. We argue that by focusing on the act of getting married in particular, its particular efficacy, as well as the disputes, questions, and conflicts that sometime arise as a result – in short, the quandaries of getting married – we get not only at this tensional nature of marriage, but at the everyday concerns and major societal issues wrapped up in marriage in Central Asia.

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