PROBATION PERIOD AS A MEANS OF IMPLEMENTING THE FUNCTIONS OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

The paper reveals the functional purpose of the norms regulating the procedure for establishing, extending and canceling the probation period on the grounds provided for in Article 74 of the Criminal Code, and determines their place in the mechanism for implementing the protective and restorative functions of criminal law. In the course of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to make a number of changes to this procedure, in particular, concerning the assessment of the grounds and determination of the legal consequences of the cancellation of probation as a result of the commission of an administrative offense by a conditionally convicted person, careless and intentional crimes, as well as violations of the requirements established for the behavior of a convicted person for the period of probation by a court verdict. At the same time, when designing the norms on probation, the legislator should proceed from the fact that the maximum effect of using this tool depends on the degree of integration of the convict's personality into a socially oriented environment, including in terms of correcting his value-semantic attitudes. It can be achieved if the probationer takes part in the life of society on an equal basis with its other representatives, being in the same social status and legal position with them, that is, in conditions of equal opportunities. Therefore, the longer a person is in the status of a convicted (albeit conditionally convicted) and a judged person, the further the prospect of full-fledged re-socialization will move away from him.

Semantics Processing of Conditional Connectives: German wenn ‘if’ Versus nur wenn ‘only if’

In this paper, the meaning and processing of the German conditional connectives (CCs) such as wenn ‘if’ and nur wenn ‘only if’ are investigated. In Experiment 1, participants read short scenarios containing a conditional sentence (i.e., If P, Q.) with wenn/nur wenn ‘if/only if’ and a confirmed or negated antecedent (i.e., P/not-P), and subsequently completed the final sentence about Q (with or without negation). In Experiment 2, participants rated the truth or falsity of the consequent Q after reading a conditional sentence with wenn or nur wenn and a confirmed or negated antecedent (i.e., If P, Q. P/not-P. // Therefore, Q?). Both experiments showed that neither wenn nor nur wenn were interpreted as biconditional CCs. Modus Ponens (If P, Q. P. // Therefore, Q) was validated for wenn, whereas it was not validated in the case of nur wenn. While Denial of the Antecedent (If P, Q. not-P. // Therefore, not-Q.) was validated in the case of nur wenn, it was not validated for wenn. The same method was used to test wenn vs. unter der Bedingung, dass ‘on condition that’ in Experiment 3, and wenn vs. vorausgesetzt, dass ‘provided that’ in Experiment 4. Experiment 5, using Affirmation of the Consequent (If P, Q. Q. // Therefore, P.) to test wenn vs. nur wenn replicated the results of Experiment 2. Taken together, the results show that in German, unter der Bedingung, dass is the most likely candidate of biconditional CCs whereas all others are not biconditional. The findings, in particular of nur wenn not being semantically biconditional, are discussed based on available formal analyses of conditionals.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN JAPANESE AND ENGLISH: A CONTRASTIVE STUDY

This research explores the differences in presupposition patterns in terms of conditions and usage similarities between Japanese and English. This paper uses comparative analysis, and the results show that there are some similarities and differences between Japanese and English conditional sentences. First, conditional clauses exist in both conditional Japanese and English sentences and these clauses have two parts: the ‘if-clause’ as the situation and the ‘main-clause’ as the result. Second, conditional sentences in both languages have similarities in that they express the possibilities and suppositions of the speakers. Third, conditional sentences in Japanese comprise と (-to), ば (-ba), なら (-nara), and たら (-tara) sentences. Fourth, there are three types of conditional sentences in English, namely the conditional that is true in the present/future tense, untrue in the present/future tense, and untrue in the past tense. Fifth, the conditional sentence in Japanese using -to, -ba, -tara, and -nara can all be used inherently in the predicate of the clause.

THE ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN VARIOUS ARABIC TRANSLATIONS

This study aimed to reveal the semantic grammatical errors in the translation of various Arabic sentences into Indonesian. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with a content analysis model. The data sources in this study were five different Arabic sentences translated by the teacher who taught the heritage book in Islamic boarding schools, namely: jumlah muṡbatah (positive sentences), jumlah manfiyah (negative sentences), jumlah istifhamiyah (interrogative sentences), jumlah syarṭiyah (conditional sentence), and jumlah al-qasam (sentence of oath). After analyzing and discussing the data obtained, the researcher found that there were 70% morphological errors in the translated text results consisting of 51% noun errors (isim) and 19% verb errors (fi'il). Additionally, the researcher found 76% syntactic errors from the translated text, consisting of 10% word errors, 9% phrase errors, 29% clause errors, and 28% sentence errors.

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF GILLETTE® AUDIOVISUAL AD ENTITLED “WE BELIEVE: THE BEST MEN CAN BE”

Advertising is one of the ways that can influence people to purchase products, services, or shaping one's mind for a way of life. The audiovisual ad gives more benefits over the audio one or the visual one because it is more attractive and can provide a clear view of the goods or the ideas by combining the audio and visual aspects. Bullying and sexual harassment have become a common issue that happened in society around the world. These issues give a negative impact on society, especially to the victims even to the men themselves. Gillette® had launched an audiovisual ad related to bullying and sexual harassment in 2019. The ad tries to convey the men to stop the bullying and sexual harassment issue caused by toxic masculinity happened worldwide. This study aims to critically study the text, the discursive practice, and the socio-cultural practice of the Gillette® audiovisual ad entitled “We Believe: The Best Man Can Be” by using the Fairclough’s method of Critical Discourse Analyses (CDA). From the textual analysis, it is found that the ad is using: (1) questioning form of sentences invoking the previous tagline of Gillette® “The Best a Man Can Get” to reinforce the campaign message of “The Best Man Can Be”; (2) using three kinds of tenses (present tense, future tense, and present perfect continues tense) in stating the fact related to toxic masculinity which has been going on far too long and also in saying the consequence of the ad's campaign message happened in the future; (3) using the pronoun "We" which refer to Gillette® as the influencer which has taken action in changing the toxic masculinity issue by describing the healthy version of what it means to be a man so it gives the impression of persuading to men; (4) using the conditional sentence to reinforce how important the message of the campaign willing to convey is. The analysis of the discursive practice of the ad that can be found is that Gillette®, as the producer, is using the #MeToo-inspired movement as the way to distribute the message of "The Best Man Can Be" to the men as the consumer. All of those ways are to campaign the healthy version of what it means to be a man motivated by a toxic masculinity phenomenon that happened in society as what has found from the socio-cultural practice analysis.

REPLACEMENT OF A SUSPENDED SENTENCE WITH ACTUAL IMPRISONMENT IN CASES OF CRIMES IN THE FIELD OF BUSINESS AND OTHER ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

The article deals with the possibility of abolishing the conditional sentence for real imprisonment forpersons who have committed so-called entrepreneurial crimes. The theme is of particular relevance at thebeginning of 2021, so as only legal replacement of conditional imprisonment for real has become one of themost discussed in the press in connection with the detention of media policy, calling himself the opposition ofRussia. At the beginning of the study, the author defines the system-forming features of the category “crimesin the sphere of entrepreneurial and other economic activities”. Further, the procedural and substantiveaspects of the replacement of a suspended sentence are considered. The author comes to the conclusionthat it is possible to apply, by analogy, the criminal procedure legislation regulating the procedural issues ofreplacing punishments that are not related to deprivation of liberty with a more severe type of punishmentdue to the lack of a special provision in the penal enforcement legislation on the possibility of forciblybringing and detaining a person conditionally convicted if there are grounds for assigning a real punishment.The author also considers the content component of such a category of cases and comes to the conclusionthat a systematic approach is necessary when issuing a relevant judicial act on the actual anti-legal postcriminal behavior of a convicted person.

Metodički principi približavanja uslovnih rečenica (engl. Conditional Sentences) u nastavi engleskog jezika

This paper deals with establishing and solving of potential problems concerning clarification and efficient learning of conditional sentences in the English language, that are a grammar unit which often seems like an insurmountable obstacle for those whose learning target is language mastery and therefore skillful use of these sentences. Primarily, the process of teachers transferring knowledge to secondary school students is taken into consideration, as these students possess the necessary linguistic knowledge and cognitive scheme as a potential for the effective acquisition of the relevant unit. In their case, therefore, the very learning process can result in skillful use of conditional sentences and their activation through linguistic skills. The accent is not only on the process of conditional sentence forming, but also on potential problems, and overcoming of those from the aspect of methodical principles, primarily deductive learning and cognitive approach, with the aim of indicating the importance of teaching grammar as a skill.

Execution in selection task depends on Chrysippus’ criterion for the conditional

Wason’s selection task is a current cognitive problem. It is a reasoning task including a conditional sentence that only sometimes is correctly solved by participants. It has been claimed that the versions of the task that are often properly executed are only those in which the conditional sentence fulfills the criterion given by Chrysippus of Soli for the conditional. In this paper, this point is checked by considering a relevant number of versions of the aforementioned task in order to review whether or not their conditionals meet Chrysippus’ requirement.