scholarly journals The iron-responsive genome of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M. Varney ◽  
Daniel I. Speiser ◽  
Carmel McDougall ◽  
Bernard M. Degnan ◽  
Kevin M. Kocot
Keyword(s):  
Iron Transport ◽  
West Indian ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Major Clade ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Molluscan Evolution ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTMolluscs biomineralize structures that vary in composition, form, and function, prompting questions about the genetic mechanisms responsible for their production and the evolution of these mechanisms. Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) are a promising system for studies of biomineralization because they build a range of calcified structures including shell plates and spine- or scale-like sclerites. Chitons also harden the calcified teeth of their rasp-like radula with a coat of iron (as magnetite). Here we present the genome of the West Indian fuzzy chiton Acanthopleura granulata, the first from any aculiferan mollusc. The A. granulata genome contains homologs of many biomineralization genes identified previously in conchiferan molluscs. We expected chitons to lack genes previously identified from pathways conchiferans use to make biominerals like calcite and nacre because chitons do not use these materials in their shells. Surprisingly, the A. granulata genome has homologs of many of these genes, suggesting that the ancestral mollusc had a more diverse biomineralization toolkit than expected. The A. granulata genome has features that may be specialized for iron biomineralization, including a higher proportion of genes regulated directly by iron than other molluscs. A. granulata also produces two isoforms of soma-like ferritin: one is regulated by iron and similar in sequence to the soma-like ferritins of other molluscs, and the other is constitutively translated and is not found in other molluscs. The A. granulata genome is a resource for future studies of molluscan evolution and biomineralization.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTChitons are molluscs that make shell plates, spine- or scale-like sclerites, and iron-coated teeth. Currently, all molluscs with sequenced genomes lie within one major clade (Conchifera). Sequencing the genome of a representative from the other major clade (Aculifera) helps us learn about the origins and evolution of molluscan traits. The genome of the West Indian Fuzzy Chiton, Acanthopleura granulata, reveals chitons have homologs of many genes other molluscs use to make shells, suggesting all molluscs share some shell-making pathways. The genome of A. granulata has more genes that may be regulated directly by iron than other molluscs, and chitons produce a unique isoform of a major iron-transport protein (ferritin), suggesting that chitons have genomic specializations that contribute to their production of iron-coated teeth.

scholarly journals The iron-responsive genome of the chiton Acanthopleura Granulata

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M Varney ◽  
Daniel I Speiser ◽  
Carmel McDougall ◽  
Bernard M Degnan ◽  
Kevin M Kocot
Keyword(s):  
West Indian ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Molluscan Evolution ◽  
And Function

Abstract Molluscs biomineralize structures that vary in composition, form, and function, prompting questions about the genetic mechanisms responsible for their production and the evolution of these mechanisms. Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) are a promising system for studies of biomineralization because they build a range of calcified structures including shell plates and spine- or scale-like sclerites. Chitons also harden the calcified teeth of their rasp-like radula with a coat of iron (as magnetite). Here we present the genome of the West Indian fuzzy chiton Acanthopleura granulata, the first from any aculiferan mollusc. The A. granulata genome contains homologs of many genes associated with biomineralization in conchiferan molluscs. We expected chitons to lack genes previously identified from pathways conchiferans use to make biominerals like calcite and nacre because chitons do not use these materials in their shells. Surprisingly, the A. granulata genome has homologs of many of these genes, suggesting that the ancestral mollusc may have had a more diverse biomineralization toolkit than expected. The A. granulata genome has features that may be specialized for iron biomineralization, including a higher proportion of genes regulated directly by iron than other molluscs. A. granulata also produces two isoforms of soma-like ferritin: one is regulated by iron and similar in sequence to the soma-like ferritins of other molluscs, and the other is constitutively translated and is not found in other molluscs. The A. granulata genome is a resource for future studies of molluscan evolution and biomineralization.

Kata Ganti Orang dalam Bahasa Pagu (Isam)

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsye Jesti Mutji
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Possessive Pronoun ◽  
The West ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Local Languages

Pagu (Isam) language is a member of the NorthHalmaheran family of the West Papuan phylum. Pagu (Isam) Language is  the language is almost extinctbecauseitsspeakers are less. Because of that problem the author hopes this research willbe motivate the other writersto preserve local languages in a study.This research is a description about personal pronounin Pagu (Isam) language. Personal pronounrefers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and function.The problems of this research are what are the form and function used in the sentence of Pagu (Isam)language.The result of this research will be concluded not only descriptionaboutpersonal pronoun in Pagu (Isam) language but also one aspect of personal pronounthatnot yet known there are third personal pronoun with neutral gender andthenat possessive pronoun we just need to add“to”as a marker that it is possessive pronoun.Key word: Description, Personal Pronoun, Pagu (Isam) Language

Cities-Before-Cities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
The West ◽  
Central Greece ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

Foundation myths are a crucial component of many Greek cities’ identities. But the mythic tradition also represents many cities and their spaces before they were cities at all. This study examines three of these ‘prefoundational’ narratives: stories of cities-before-cities that prepare, configure, or reconfigure, in a conceptual sense, the mythic ground for foundation. ‘Prefoundational’ myths vary in both form and function. Thebes, before it was Thebes, is represented as a trackless and unfortified backwater. Croton, like many Greek cities in south Italy, credited Heracles with a kind of ‘prefounding’, accomplished on his journey from the West back to central Greece. And the Athenian acropolis was the object of a quarrel between Athena and Poseidon, the results of which gave the city its name and permanently marked its topography. In each case, ‘prefoundational’ myth plays a crucial role in representing ideology, identity, and civic topography.

scholarly journals Unexpected cryptic species among streptophyte algae most distant to land plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1963) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iker Irisarri ◽  
Tatyana Darienko ◽  
Thomas Pröschold ◽  
Janine M. R. Fürst-Jansen ◽  
Mahwash Jamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Plants ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Plant Form ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses ◽  
And Function ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Green Lineage

Streptophytes are one of the major groups of the green lineage (Chloroplastida or Viridiplantae). During one billion years of evolution, streptophytes have radiated into an astounding diversity of uni- and multicellular green algae as well as land plants. Most divergent from land plants is a clade formed by Mesostigmatophyceae, Spirotaenia spp. and Chlorokybophyceae. All three lineages are species-poor and the Chlorokybophyceae consist of a single described species, Chlorokybus atmophyticus. In this study, we used phylogenomic analyses to shed light into the diversity within Chlorokybus using a sampling of isolates across its known distribution. We uncovered a consistent deep genetic structure within the Chlorokybus isolates, which prompted us to formally extend the Chlorokybophyceae by describing four new species. Gene expression differences among Chlorokybus species suggest certain constitutive variability that might influence their response to environmental factors. Failure to account for this diversity can hamper comparative genomic studies aiming to understand the evolution of stress response across streptophytes. Our data highlight that future studies on the evolution of plant form and function can tap into an unknown diversity at key deep branches of the streptophytes.

Habitat utilization by the arboreal boa Corallus grenadensis in two ecologically disparate habitats on Grenada

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Allan Winstel ◽  
Richard A. Sajdak ◽  
Robert W. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
West Indian ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Habitat Utilization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Ontogenetic Shift ◽  
The West ◽  
Size Classes

AbstractHabitat utilization by the arboreal boid Corallus grenadensis was studied at two ecologically disparate sites on the West Indian island of Grenada: one devoted largely to agriculture, the other largely devoid of agricultural activity. Small snakes (< 600 mm SVL) were most often encountered in uncultivated scrub woodland at both sites; large snakes (>1100 mm SVL) were encountered most often in fruit trees at one site and in mangroves at the other. Snakes of medium size (600-1100 mm SVL) occurred in both kinds of habitat. These size classes correspond to an ontogenetic shift in diet (lizards to mammals), and this is associated with a corresponding shift in habitat utilization.

The alignment of form and function

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dunstan Brown ◽  
Carole Tiberius ◽  
Greville G. Corbett
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frequency Information ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Frequent Form ◽  
Single Function ◽  
The One ◽  
Default Rules ◽  
And Function

This paper analyses constraints on inflectional syncretism and inflectional allomorphy using frequency information. Syncretism arises where one form is associated with more than one function, whereas inflectional allomorphy occurs where there is more than one inflectional class, and a single function is associated with two or more forms. If high frequency is associated with more differentiation on both sides, we expect, on the one hand, that a frequent function will have a high number of forms and, on the other, that a frequent form will have a high number of functions. Our study focuses on Russian nominals, in particular nouns, which exhibit both syncretism and inflectional allomorphy. We find that there is a relationship between frequency and differentiation, but that it is not exceptionless, and that the exceptions can be understood in terms of the use of referrals as default rules.

Indigenous approaches to the past: ‘Creative histories’ at the Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiera Lindsey
Keyword(s):  
Visual Art ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Responses ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Way

This article discusses a recent art project created by the Wiradjuri and Kamilaroi artist Jonathon Jones, which was commissioned to commemorate the opening of the revitalized Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney in early 2020. Jones’ work involves a dramatic installation of red and white crushed stones laid throughout the grounds of the barracks, merging the image of the emu footprint with that of the English broad convict arrow to ‘consider Australia’s layered history and contemporary cultural relations’. This work was accompanied by a ‘specially-curated programme’ of performances, workshops, storytelling and Artist Talks. Together, these elements were designed to unpack how certain ‘stories determine the ways we came together as a nation’. As one of the speakers of the Artist Talk’s programme, I had a unique opportunity to experiment with what colleagues and I have been calling ‘Creative histories’ in reference to the way some artists and historians are choosing to communicate their research about the past in ways that experiment with form and function and push disciplinary or generic boundaries. This article reflects upon how these two distinct creative history projects – one visual art, the other performative – renegotiate the complex and contested pasts of the Hyde Park Barracks. I suggest that both examples speak to the role of memory and creativity in shaping cultural responses to Australia’s colonial past, while Jones' programme illustrates how Indigenous artists and academics are making a profound intervention into contemporary understandings of how history is ‘done’ in Australia.

scholarly journals The meaning of the relationship between bale nyungcung roof and inner room in architectural design of Mosques at Sunda Tatar

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Roza Rahmadjasa Mintaredja ◽  
Purnama Salura ◽  
Bachtiar Fauzy
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
The West ◽  
West Java ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Basic Reference ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

There has been a decline in the form and function of Sundanese vernacular architecture for large buildings due to the absence of artifacts in village houses. The data on palace or keraton and terraced roofs are only found in lontar and from outside observers in the XVI century. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of the bale nyungcung roof emerged on the mosque in the XVI-XIX centuries at West Java after disappearing for more or less two centuries. The reappearance makes it interesting to study this concept, especially with the focus on its relationship with the inner room of the mosque. This research was conducted on the Great Mosque spread in Sunda Tatar such as the West Java and Banten Provinces with buildings of Majalaya, Manonjaya, and Banten used as case studies. It was conducted qualitatively and interpretatively using the building anatomical theory to analyze the scope of shape and the Bale Nyungcung roof. The results showed the relationship between the roof and the inner space is a reflection of the adjustment in the mosque's basic reference with the Bale Nyungcung roof used as one of the Sundanese local building features.

scholarly journals The Linguistic Issues of Form and function and their Effect on Translating Conditional Structures in the Qur’an

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hassan Sayed Morsy, Ph.D.
Keyword(s):  
Common Type ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Conditional Sentence ◽  
Conditional Structures ◽  
And Function

According to Ryding (2005), "conditional propositions are ones in which hypothetical conditions are specified in order for something else to take place." He adds "there are two clauses, one that specifies the condition…" and "one that specifies the consequences or result of those conditions" (p.671).  On the other hand, "the equivalent terms in Arabic are شرط /ʃartˤ/ (for the condition clause) and جواب /jawaab/ (for the consequence clause)"(p.671).  The writer divides conditions into "reasonably realizable" (if you study hard, you will pass) and "simply expressions of impossible or “contrary to fact” conditions"(p.671) (If he were rich, he would buy your car).  In brief, conditional sentences in both English and Arabic can be grouped into two categories, namely, real conditionals and unreal ones.  Real conditionals are indicated by a speaker who believes positively about the achievement of the condition, while the speaker of the unreal ones believes negatively about this achievement.   Moreover, the use of different conditional particles appoints the type of the condition in Arabic, but it is identified by the cluster of verb forms in English.  In English, the conditional sentence may precede or follow the main sentence, but it generally precedes the main sentence in Arabic. The tense of the verbs used in English conditional sentences differ in most cases from their Arabic counterparts. Furthermore, the most common type of conditionals in English involves ‘if’ and ‘unless’ but there are three common conditional particles and about ten conditional nouns in Arabic.  Ryding (2005) states that, "Arabic uses different particles to express possible conditions and impossible conditions"(p.671). The English conditional article ' if ' has three equivalents in Arabic: /?in/, /?iðaa/ and /law/.  The verbs of the two English conditional clauses in each of the four cases are in a sort of harmony in tense, but in Arabic such tense agreement is not a must.  Hence, we conclude that there is a general tense harmony between the English conditional clauses, but in Arabic, this is not commonly the case.  This dissonance leads to some extent of confusion while translating the source language(SL) into the target language(TL) in general and from the Quran ( as SL) into English (as TL) in particular.

Insanity in British Guiana

1880 ◽  
Vol 26 (115) ◽  
pp. 370-374
Author(s):  
B. Grieve
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
West Indian ◽  
The Other ◽  
Black Immigrants ◽  
The West ◽  
British Guiana ◽  
European Descent ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Good Number ◽  
Large Primary

From the short time at my disposal, and from not having beside me the complete records of the asylum, my remarks to-day must necessarily be more limited in their scope and desultory in their character than under other circumstances would have been the case. I must content myself with bringing before you, in a very general way, some facts relating to the proportion of insane amongst the different races and people which go to make up the much diversified population of British Guiana, and I may notice also a few of the more prominent forms of insanity seen in that colony. What I have to say may, I trust, possess sufficient novelty to be interesting, and may prove none the less suggestive, although its object be not to support any preconceived or pet theory. British Guiana, although a West Indian Colony, forms part of the mainland of the Continent of South America, and amongst its inhabitants is seen a diversity of races as great, if not greater, than in any other country of like extent. There are two large primary divisions into which the population may be separated, namely, those born in the colony—in local phraseology called creoles—and immigrants. In 1871, the date of the last census, the population of the country numbered 218,909, consisting of 103,775 creoles and 115,134 immigrants. Neither in these numbers nor in any subsequent calculations are the aboriginal Indians (bucks) included, who inhabit the interior of the Colony, and who do not supply any contingent to its known insane population. The first division or creoles comprises a very large population of blacks of fine negro blood, descendants of the local slaves of pre-liberation days and of black immigrants subsequently brought from Africa or the neighbouring West Indian islands. In this class are to be found the greatest number of the coloured people of mixed African and European extraction in various degrees of combination, with a few white creoles of pure European descent. Amongst the immigrants are included, firstly, the black and coloured people who have come from the other West Indian colonies, chiefly from Barbadoes; secondly, negroes born in Africa imported as free labourers, and who mostly belong to the West Coast tribes; thirdly, many East Indians (coolies) brought under indenture to work as labourers on the sugar estates; fourthly, a good number of Chinese, introduced for the most part under similar circumstances; fifthly, Portuguese who have come from Madeira and the Cape de Verde Islands; and, lastly, a comparatively small proportion of Europeans.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document