scholarly journals The weakening role of science in the management of groundfish off the east coast of Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Precautionary Approach ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management

Abstract Shelton, P. A. 2007. The weakening role of science in the management of groundfish off the east coast of Canada. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 723–729. The link between science and decision-making for groundfish fisheries off Canada's east coast has weakened during the past two decades. The demand for a large degree of flexibility in the decision-making process by both the Department of Fisheries and Oceans and the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization, as well as the perceived low credibility of scientific knowledge, has resulted in an underutilization of science capacity to provide risk-based assessments and to evaluate management strategies for robustness to uncertainty and compliance with the precautionary approach. The transition from science-based to ad hoc fisheries management is described, and the potential impact of two new approaches, ecosystem-based fisheries management and shared stewardship, is considered.

Case studies demonstrate capacity for a structured planning process for ecosystem-based fisheries management

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1256-1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Koehn ◽  
Timothy E. Essington ◽  
Phillip S. Levin ◽  
Kristin N. Marshall ◽  
Lee G. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Management Activity ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management

Structured, systematic processes for decision-making can facilitate implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM). In US fisheries management, existing fishery ecosystem plans (FEPs) are primarily descriptive documents — not action-oriented planning processes. “Next-generation” FEPs extend existing FEPs by translating ecosystem principles into action through a structured process, including identifying and prioritizing objectives and evaluating trade-offs while assessing alternative management strategies for meeting objectives. We illustrate the potential for implementing a structured decision-making process for EBFM by reviewing fisheries management case studies through the lens of the next-generation FEP process, highlighting two perspectives. First, across case studies almost all steps occur, many occurring in multiple regions, indicating scientific and fisheries management capacity exists to conduct structured process components. Second, adjustments would be needed to transition to next-generation FEPs, as existing activity is rarely conducted within a fully structured, integrated process and examples of certain steps are scarce, but existing examples can guide future management. Implementing ongoing activity within next-generation FEPs would likely streamline fisheries management activity, saving time and resources while improving outcomes for stakeholders and ecosystems.

scholarly journals The judgment of crimes against humanity in Brazil: Analysis through the critical criminological lens of lola aniyar

2021 ◽  
pp. 47135-47145
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Lewis Carroll ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Criminal Control ◽  
Decision Making Rule

In this article we discuss two recent Brazilian Supreme Court judgments about crimes committed during the civil-military dictatorship: Allegation of Disobedience of Fundamental Precept suit n. 153 (constitutionality of the 1979 amnesty law), and Extradition suit n. 1362, that discussed the extradition of an Argentine citizen who was convicted of committing crimes against humanity during the Argentine dictatorship). We analyze the role of the Brazilian Supreme Court in the (re) construction of the “criminal problem” and “criminal control” in relation to crimes against humanity perpetrated during the periods of the Argentine (1978-1983) and Brazilian (1964-1985) dictatorship. We take Lola Aniyar de Castro Thought’s, seeking some inspiration, for whom the criminology of the 21st Century is the “criminology of human rights”, and criminal control would be the thermometer of human rights. In the last part of this article, we discussed what seems to have been “the triumph of Lewis Carroll”, in the metaphor of reversing meanings: when protecting human rights is not to protect human rights, by creating an ad hoc decision-making rule from which “remembering is to forget”, and “forgetting is to remember”, provided that, from the peculiar Rule n. 42, the investigation and accountability for crimes against humanity are not allowed.

scholarly journals Countries Embracing Maternal Employment Have Opened Schools Sooner after COVID-19 Lockdowns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansgar Hudde ◽  
Natalie Nitsche
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
School Closure ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Measures

During and after the first wave of COVID-19 lockdowns, the timing and the intensity of school reopenings have varied across countries. We show that societal gender ideology likely has affected school closure and opening policies. Societies that are more supportive of maternal employment have reopened schools significantly sooner than societies less supportive of maternal employment, relative to other opening measures and net of infection rates. Our study contributes novel evidence on the role of attitudes on policy-decision making, and unveils the presence of a potential gender ideology bias in policy-makers’ ad-hoc decision-making under time pressure. The epidemic threat remains high and questions about the operation of schools continue to be a pressing matter. Considering this bias in decision-making can improve further policy-measures during the remainder of the pandemic, and beyond.

scholarly journals The dual role of indicators in optimal fisheries management strategies

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake C. Rice ◽  
Denis Rivard
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Control Rules ◽  
Spawning Stock

Abstract Rice, J. C., and Rivard, D. 2007. The dual role of indicators in optimal fisheries management strategies. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 775–778. Indicators are used in two different ways in the assessment and advisory cycle. One is to audit performance of the management plan relative to achieving the objectives for the fishery. The second is to trigger control rules to manage the subsequent harvest. Traditionally, the assessment and management community has used spawning-stock biomass and fishing mortality for these functions, and as management strategies are being developed, generally continues to test the same indicators in both the audit and control functions. There is no reason to use the same indicators in both functions, and management of a few specialized commercial fisheries has recognized this, using different indicators in different roles for many years. That different indicators may be optimal for both roles presents a richer range of opportunities for exploring robust management strategies, and will be essential as ecosystem considerations and integrated management tools are included in assessment and management.

scholarly journals Scientific tools to support the practical implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. M. Smith ◽  
E. J. Fulton ◽  
A. J. Hobday ◽  
D. C. Smith ◽  
P. Shoulder
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management

Abstract Smith, A. D. M., Fulton, E. J., Hobday, A. J., Smith, D. C., and Shoulder, P. 2007. Scientific tools to support the practical implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 633–639. Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) has emerged during the past 5 y as an alternative approach to single-species fishery management. To date, policy development has generally outstripped application and implementation. The EBFM approach has been broadly adopted at a policy level within Australia through a variety of instruments including fisheries legislation, environmental legislation, and a national policy on integrated oceans management. The speed of policy adoption has necessitated equally rapid development of scientific and management tools to support practical implementation. We discuss some of the scientific tools that have been developed to meet this need. These tools include extension of the management strategy evaluation (MSE) approach to evaluate broader ecosystem-based fishery management strategies (using the Atlantis modelling framework), development of new approaches to ecological risk assessment (ERA) for evaluating the ecological impacts of fishing, and development of a harvest strategy framework (HSF) and policy that forms the basis for a broader EBFM strategy. The practical application of these tools (MSE, ERA, and HSF) is illustrated for the southern and eastern fisheries of Australia.

scholarly journals Success and failure of ecological management is highly variable in an experimental test

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (46) ◽  
pp. 23169-23173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Easton R. White ◽  
Kyle Cox ◽  
Brett A. Melbourne ◽  
Alan Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Management ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ecological Management ◽  
Controlled System ◽  
Precautionary Approach ◽  
Single Observation ◽  
Natural Systems

When managing natural systems, the importance of recognizing the role of uncertainty has been formalized as the precautionary approach. However, it is difficult to determine the role of stochasticity in the success or failure of management because there is almost always no replication; typically, only a single observation exists for a particular site or management strategy. Yet, assessing the role of stochasticity is important for providing a strong foundation for the precautionary approach, and learning from past outcomes is critical for implementing adaptive management of species or ecosystems. In addition, adaptive management relies on being able to implement a variety of strategies in order to learn—an often difficult task in natural systems. Here, we show that there is large, stochastically driven variability in success for management treatments to control an invasive species, particularly for moderate, and more feasible, management strategies. This is exactly where the precautionary approach should be important. Even when combining management strategies, we show that moderate effort in management either fails or is highly variable in its success. This variability allows some management treatments to, on average, meet their target, even when failure is probable. Our study is an important quantitative replicated experimental test of the precautionary approach and can serve as a way to understand the variability in management outcomes in natural systems which have the potential to be more variable than our tightly controlled system.

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