scholarly journals Transgenerational responses of molluscs and echinoderms to changing ocean conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline M. Ross ◽  
Laura Parker ◽  
Maria Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Carryover Effects ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract We are beginning to understand how the larvae of molluscs and echinoderms with complex life cycles will be affected by climate change. Early experiments using short-term exposures suggested that larvae in oceans predicted to increase in acidification and temperature will be smaller in size, take longer to develop, and have a greater incidence of abnormal development. More realistic experiments which factored in the complex life cycles of molluscs and echinoderms found impacts not as severe as predicted. This is because the performance of one life history stage led to a significant carryover effect on the subsequent life history stage. Carryover effects that arise within a generation, for example, embryonic and larval stages, can influence juvenile and adult success. Carryover effects can also arise across a generation, known as transgenerational plasticity (TGP). A transgenerational response or TGP can be defined as a phenotypic change in offspring in response to the environmental stress experienced by a parent before fertilization. In the small number of experiments which have measured the transgenerational response of molluscs and echinoderms to elevated CO2, TGP has been observed in the larval offspring. If we are to safeguard ecological and economically significant mollusc and echinoderm species against climate change then we require more knowledge of the impacts that carryover effects have within and across generations as well as an understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for such adaptation.

Life Cycles

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan A. Pechenik
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Volume Number ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Life Cycle Evolution

I have a Hardin cartoon on my office door. It shows a series of animals thinking about the meaning of life. In sequence, we see a lobe-finned fish, a salamander, a lizard, and a monkey, all thinking, “Eat, survive, reproduce; eat, survive, reproduce.” Then comes man: “What's it all about?” he wonders. Organisms live to reproduce. The ultimate selective pressure on any organism is to survive long enough and well enough to pass genetic material to a next generation that will also be successful in reproducing. In this sense, then, every morphological, physiological, biochemical, or behavioral adaptation contributes to reproductive success, making the field of life cycle evolution a very broad one indeed. Key components include mode of sexuality, age and size at first reproduction (Roff, this volume), number of reproductive episodes in a lifetime, offspring size (Messina and Fox, this volume), fecundity, the extent to which parents protect their offspring and how that protection is achieved, source of nutrition during development, survival to maturity, the consequences of shifts in any of these components, and the underlying mechanisms responsible for such shifts. Many of these issues are dealt with in other chapters. Here I focus exclusively on animals, and on a particularly widespread sort of life cycle that includes at least two ecologically distinct free-living stages. Such “complex life cycles” (Istock 1967) are especially common among amphibians and fishes (Hall and Wake 1999), and within most invertebrate groups, including insects (Gilbert and Frieden 1981), crustaceans, bivalves, gastropods, polychaete worms, echinoderms, bryozoans, and corals and other cnidarians (Thorson 1950). In such life cycles, the juvenile or adult stage is reached by metamorphosing from a preceding, free-living larval stage. In many species, metamorphosis involves a veritable revolution in morphology, ecology, behavior, and physiology, sometimes taking place in as little as a few minutes or a few hours. In addition to the issues already mentioned, key components of such complex life cycles include the timing of metamorphosis (i.e., when it occurs), the size at which larvae metamorphose, and the consequences of metamorphosing at particular times or at particular sizes. The potential advantages of including larval stages in the life history have been much discussed.

scholarly journals Impacts of climate change on the complex life cycles of fish

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Petitgas ◽  
Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp ◽  
Mark Dickey-Collas ◽  
Georg H. Engelhard ◽  
Myron A. Peck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

scholarly journals From metamorphosis to maturity in complex life cycles: equal performance of different juvenile life history pathways

Ecology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt R. Schmidt ◽  
Walter Hödl ◽  
Michael Schaub
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycles

scholarly journals Insights into how development and life-history dynamics shape the evolution of venom

EvoDevo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim M. Surm ◽  
Yehu Moran
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Mating Biology

AbstractVenomous animals are a striking example of the convergent evolution of a complex trait. These animals have independently evolved an apparatus that synthesizes, stores, and secretes a mixture of toxic compounds to the target animal through the infliction of a wound. Among these distantly related animals, some can modulate and compartmentalize functionally distinct venoms related to predation and defense. A process to separate distinct venoms can occur within and across complex life cycles as well as more streamlined ontogenies, depending on their life-history requirements. Moreover, the morphological and cellular complexity of the venom apparatus likely facilitates the functional diversity of venom deployed within a given life stage. Intersexual variation of venoms has also evolved further contributing to the massive diversity of toxic compounds characterized in these animals. These changes in the biochemical phenotype of venom can directly affect the fitness of these animals, having important implications in their diet, behavior, and mating biology. In this review, we explore the current literature that is unraveling the temporal dynamics of the venom system that are required by these animals to meet their ecological functions. These recent findings have important consequences in understanding the evolution and development of a convergent complex trait and its organismal and ecological implications.

scholarly journals Parasite vulnerability to climate change: an evidence-based functional trait approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 160535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie A. Cizauskas ◽  
Colin J. Carlson ◽  
Kevin R. Burgio ◽  
Chris F. Clements ◽  
Eric R. Dougherty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Trophic Group ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Vulnerability To Climate Change ◽  
Parasite Biology ◽  
Parasite Conservation

Despite the number of virulent pathogens that are projected to benefit from global change and to spread in the next century, we suggest that a combination of coextinction risk and climate sensitivity could make parasites at least as extinction prone as any other trophic group. However, the existing interdisciplinary toolbox for identifying species threatened by climate change is inadequate or inappropriate when considering parasites as conservation targets. A functional trait approach can be used to connect parasites' ecological role to their risk of disappearance, but this is complicated by the taxonomic and functional diversity of many parasite clades. Here, we propose biological traits that may render parasite species particularly vulnerable to extinction (including high host specificity, complex life cycles and narrow climatic tolerance), and identify critical gaps in our knowledge of parasite biology and ecology. By doing so, we provide criteria to identify vulnerable parasite species and triage parasite conservation efforts.

scholarly journals In situ developmental responses of tropical sea urchin larvae to ocean acidification conditions at naturally elevated p CO 2 vent sites

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1843) ◽  
pp. 20161506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles D. Lamare ◽  
Michelle Liddy ◽  
Sven Uthicke
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Developmental Responses

Laboratory experiments suggest that calcifying developmental stages of marine invertebrates may be the most ocean acidification (OA)-sensitive life-history stage and represent a life-history bottleneck. To better extrapolate laboratory findings to future OA conditions, developmental responses in sea urchin embryos/larvae were compared under ecologically relevant in situ exposures on vent-elevated p CO 2 and ambient p CO 2 coral reefs in Papua New Guinea. Echinometra embryos/larvae were reared in meshed chambers moored in arrays on either venting reefs or adjacent non-vent reefs. After 24 and 48 h, larval development and morphology were quantified. Compared with controls (mean pH (T) = 7.89–7.92), larvae developing in elevated p CO 2 vent conditions (pH (T) = 7.50–7.72) displayed a significant reduction in size and increased abnormality, with a significant correlation of seawater pH with both larval size and larval asymmetry across all experiments. Reciprocal transplants (embryos from vent adults transplanted to control conditions, and vice versa ) were also undertaken to identify if adult acclimatization can translate resilience to offspring (i.e. transgenerational processes). Embryos originating from vent adults were, however, no more tolerant to reduced pH. Sea temperature and chlorophyll- a concentrations (i.e. larval nutrition) did not contribute to difference in larval size, but abnormality was correlated with chlorophyll levels. This study is the first to examine the response of marine larvae to OA scenarios in the natural environment where, importantly, we found that stunted and abnormal development observed in situ are consistent with laboratory observations reported in sea urchins, in both the direction and magnitude of the response.

The Life-History of Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) and its Effect on White Pine

1950 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Balch ◽  
G. R. Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Return Migrants ◽  
Winged Form ◽  
Typical Species ◽  
History Of

Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch) belongs to the Adelginae, a group characterized by unusually complex life-cycles. The typical species have at least five distinct forms, one bi-sexual and the others parthenogenetic. They alternate between two coniferous hosts, one of which is always a species of spruce (Picea). Galls are formed on spruce by a modification of the growth of the new shoot.The life-history of P. pinifoliae is only partially known. Patch has reported on observations in Maine which showed that the gall-making form flew from “black spruce” to the needles of white pine and that its offspring settled on the new shoots. She also described a morphologically similar winged form which developed on white-pine shoots and which she believed to be the return migrants. Annand made similar observations in Oregon and gave careful descriptions of three forms: the fundatrix, the gallicola migrans, and the exulis.

scholarly journals Visible implant elastomer (VIE) success in early larval stages of a tropical amphibian species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe Fouilloux ◽  
Guillermo Garcia-Costoya ◽  
Bibiana Rojas
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Anuran Larvae ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Tag Retention ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Behavioral Studies

AbstractAnimals are often difficult to distinguish at an individual level, but being able to identify individuals can be crucial in ecological or behavioral studies. In response to this challenge, biologists have developed a range of marking (tattoos, brands, toe-clips) and tagging (PIT, VIA, VIE) methods to identify individuals and cohorts. Animals with complex life cycles are notoriously hard to mark because of the distortion or loss of the tag across metamorphosis. In frogs, few studies have attempted larval tagging and none have been conducted on a tropical species. Here, we present the first successful account of VIE tagging in early larval stages (Gosner stage 25) of the dyeing poison frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) coupled with a novel anaesthetic (2-PHE) application for tadpoles that does not require buffering. Mean weight of individuals at time of tagging was 0.12g, which is the smallest and developmentally youngest anuran larvae tagged to date. We report 81% tag detection over the first month of development, as well as the persistence of tags across metamorphosis in this species. Cumulative tag retention versus tag observation differed by approximately 15% across larval development demonstrating that “lost” tags can be found later in development. Tagging had no effect on tadpole growth rate or survival. Successful application of VIE tags on D. tinctorius tadpoles introduces a new method that can be applied to better understand early life development and dispersal in various tropical species.

scholarly journals Phenotypic plasticity is aligned with phenological adaptation on micro- and macroevolutionary timescales

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. De Lisle ◽  
Maarit I. Mäenpää ◽  
Erik I. Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycles

AbstractPhenology is a key determinant of fitness, particularly in organisms with complex life cycles with dramatic transitions from an aquatic to a terrestrial life stage. Because optimum phenology is influenced by local environmental conditions, particularly temperature, phenotypic plasticity could play an important role in adaptation to seasonally variable environments. Here, we used a 18-generation longitudinal field dataset from a wild insect (the damselfly Ischnura elegans) and show that phenology has strongly advanced, coinciding with increasing temperatures in northern Europe. Using individual fitness data, we show this advancement is most likely an adaptive response towards a thermally-dependent moving fitness optimum. These field data were complemented with a laboratory experiment, revealing that developmental plasticity to temperature quantitatively matches the environmental dependence of selection and can explain the observed phenological advance. We expand the analysis to the macroevolutionary level, using a public database of over 1 million occurrence records on the phenology of Swedish damselfly and dragonfly species. Combining spatiotemporally matched temperature data and phylogenetic information, we estimated the phenological reaction norms towards temperature for 49 Swedish species. We show that thermal plasticity in phenology is more closely aligned with local adaptation for odonate species that have recently colonized northern latitudes, whereas there is more mismatch at lower latitudes. Our results show that phenological plasticity plays a key role in microevolutionary adaptation within in a single species, and also suggest that such plasticity may have facilitated post-Pleistocene range expansion at the macroevolutionary scale in this insect clade.Impact StatementOrganisms with complex life cycles must time their life-history transitions to match environmental conditions favorable to survival and reproduction. The timing of these transitions – phenology – is therefore of critical importance, and phenology a key trait in adaptive responses to climate change. Here, we use field data from a single species and phylogenetic comparative from over 1 million individual damselfly and dragonfly records to show that plasticity in phenology underlies adaptation at both the microevolutionary scale (across generations in a single species) and the macroevolutionary scale (across deep time in a clade). Our results indicates that phenotypic plasticity has the potential to explain variation in phenology and adaptive response to climate change across disparate evolutionary time scales.

scholarly journals Visible implant elastomer (VIE) success in early larval stages of a tropical amphibian species

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9630
Author(s):  
Chloe A. Fouilloux ◽  
Guillermo Garcia-Costoya ◽  
Bibiana Rojas
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Anuran Larvae ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Tag Retention ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Behavioral Studies

Animals are often difficult to distinguish at an individual level, and being able to identify individuals can be crucial in ecological or behavioral studies. In response to this challenge, biologists have developed a range of marking (tattoos, brands, toe-clips) and tagging (banding, collars, PIT, VIA, VIE) methods to identify individuals and cohorts. Animals with complex life cycles are notoriously hard to mark because of the distortion or loss of the tag across metamorphosis. In amphibians, few studies have attempted larval tagging and none have been conducted on a tropical species. Here, we present the first successful account of VIE tagging in early larval stages (Gosner stage 25) of the dyeing poison frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) coupled with a novel anesthetic (2-PHE) application for tadpoles that does not require buffering. Mean weight of individuals at time of tagging was 0.12 g, which is the smallest and developmentally youngest anuran larvae tagged to date. We report 81% tag detection over the first month of development, as well as the persistence of tags across metamorphosis in this species. Cumulative tag retention vs tag observation differed by approximately 15% across larval development demonstrating that “lost” tags can be found later in development. Tagging had no effect on tadpole growth rate or survival. Successful application of VIE tags on D. tinctorius tadpoles introduces a new method that can be applied to better understand early life development and dispersal in various tropical species.

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