scholarly journals 1373Severe acute respiratory infection with high mortality rate in Sana'a city, 2018-2019 Yemen

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manal Mahsoon ◽  
Yasser Ghaleb ◽  
Riham Al-dubaiee ◽  
Mohamed Al Amad
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection

Abstract Background The burden of influenza and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in conflict countries such as Yemen is exacerbated due to limited resources and the collapse of the health system. The aims are to describe epidemiology of SARI, determine influenza detection and case fatality rates among SARI patients. Methods We used a descriptive analytical study design. All SARI patients who meet WHO case definition during 2018-2019 from Sana'a city were included. Nasopharyngeal samples were examined by polymerase chain reaction. A soft copy of data that collected by surveillance staff was obtained from the National Influenza Control Program (NICP). Case fatality rate and detection rate were calculated and P value < 0.05 used for statistical significant. Results 1447 SARI patients were reported: 73% males, 54% aged 15- < 50 years. Comorbidity was among 27% (387) of them: (57% cardio-vascular diseases and 50% diabetes). Samples of 934 (64%) SARI patients were tested and influenza viruses were detected in 141 (15%) patients (13% type A and 2% type B). Higher influenza viruses were detected in winter months (November – February) (17% vs 9%, P < 0.001). Overall SARI fatality rate was 19% (276), significantly higher among patients with comorbidity (26% vs 16%, P < 0.001) confirmed influenza (30% Vs 15%, P value < 0.001) and not receiving antiviral (51% vs 17%, P < 0.001) than relevant groups. Conclusions SARI patients in Yemen had a high case-fatality rate particularly SARI patients with confirmed influenza. Introduce influenza vaccination for the risk group should be considered. Key messages Influenza and SARI cases are high in Yemen and progress to death.

scholarly journals Population-Predicted MHC Class II Epitope Presentation of SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins Correlates to the Case Fatality Rates of COVID-19 in Different Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2630
Author(s):  
Chunguang Liang ◽  
Elena Bencurova ◽  
Eric Psota ◽  
Priya Neurgaonkar ◽  
Martina Prelog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Infection Spread

We observed substantial differences in predicted Major Histocompatibility Complex II (MHCII) epitope presentation of SARS-CoV-2 proteins for different populations but only minor differences in predicted MHCI epitope presentation. A comparison of this predicted epitope MHC-coverage revealed for the early phase of infection spread (till day 15 after reaching 128 observed infection cases) highly significant negative correlations with the case fatality rate. Specifically, this was observed in different populations for MHC class II presentation of the viral spike protein (p-value: 0.0733 for linear regression), the envelope protein (p-value: 0.023), and the membrane protein (p-value: 0.00053), indicating that the high case fatality rates of COVID-19 observed in some countries seem to be related with poor MHC class II presentation and hence weak adaptive immune response against these viral envelope proteins. Our results highlight the general importance of the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins in immunological control in early infection spread looking at a global census in various countries and taking case fatality rate into account. Other factors such as health system and control measures become more important after the early spread. Our study should encourage further studies on MHCII alleles as potential risk factors in COVID-19 including assessment of local populations and specific allele distributions.

scholarly journals Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk 3M Plus terhadap Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue di Puskesmas Payung Sekaki Kota Pekanbaru; Studi Kasus Kontrol

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyagita Widya Sari ◽  
Retno Putri
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Purposive Sampling

Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit menular yangdisebabkan oleh virus Dengue dan ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamukAedes aegypti. Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Riau melaporkan jumlah kasusDBD sebanyak 277 dan Case Fatality Rate (CFR) DBD sebesar 1,4% padatahun 2016, di mana kasus terbanyak berasal dari Kota Pekanbaru yaitu58 kasus dengan CFR sebesar 0%. Adapun, CFR DBD di wilayah kerjaPuskesmas Payung Sekaki meningkat dari 0% pada tahun 2015 menjadi0,7% pada tahun 2016. DBD merupakan penyakit berbasis lingkunganyang dapat dicegah dengan melakukan tindakan pengendalian vektor,antara lain dengan pemberantasan sarang nyamuk (PSN) dan tindakanpencegahan lainnya. Akan tetapi, partisipasi aktif masyarakat dalam PSNmasih rendah dan kurang. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahuihubungan PSN 3M Plus dengan kejadian DBD di wilayah kerja PuskesmasPayung Sekaki Kota Pekanbaru tahun 2017. Penelitian ini dilakukan padabulan Agustus tahun 2017. Desain studi penelitian ini adalah observasionaldengan pendekatan kasus kontrol. Jumlah sampel kasus dipilih denganteknik total sampling yaitu 40 kasus, sedangkan sampel kontrol dipilihdengan teknik purposive sampling yaitu 80 kontrol. Analisis datamenggunakan uji regresi logistik ganda. Hasil analisis multivariatmenunjukkan bahwa kebiasaan menggunakan obat nyamuk palingdominan menjelaskan perubahan variabel kejadian DBD (p-value = 0,092;OR = 2,76; 95% CI = 0,85-8,87). Variabel praktik M1 (menguras TPA),keberadaan kawat kassa nyamuk dalam ventilasi rumah, kebiasaanmenggantung pakaian, dan kebiasaan menggunakan obat nyamukberhubungan dan merupakan faktor risiko kejadian DBD di wilayah kerjaPuskesmas Payung Sekaki Kota Pekanbaru

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) Cases at a sentinel site in Egypt, 2013–15

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed M Elhakim ◽  
Sahar K Kandil ◽  
Khaled M Abd Elaziz ◽  
Wagida A Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Sentinel Site ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection

Abstract Background Sentinel surveillance for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Egypt began in 2006 and occurs at eight sites. Avian influenza is endemic, and human cases of influenza A (H5N1) have been reported annually since 2006. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of SARI at a major sentinel site in the country. Methods Data included in the study were collected from a major SARI sentinel site in Egypt during three consecutive years (2013–15). Results A total of 1254 SARI patients conforming to the WHO case definition were admitted to the sentinel site, representing 5.6% of admitted patients for all causes and 36.6% of acute respiratory infection patients. A total of 99.7% of the patients were tested, and 21.04% tested positive; 48.7% of cases involved influenza A viruses, while 25% involved influenza B. The predominant age group was under 5 years of age, accounting for 443 cases. The seasonality of the influenza data conformed to the Northern Hemisphere pattern. Conclusions The present study’s results show that SARI leads to substantial morbidity in Egypt. There is a great need for high-quality data from the SARI surveillance system in Egypt, especially with endemic respiratory threats such as influenza A (H5N1) in Egypt.

scholarly journals Moderate Vaccine Effectiveness against Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Caused by A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Virus and No Effectiveness against A(H3N2) Influenza Virus in the 2018/2019 Season in Italy

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Rizzo ◽  
Francesco Gesualdo ◽  
Daniela Loconsole ◽  
Elisabetta Pandolfi ◽  
Antonino Bella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Type A ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
H3n2 Influenza ◽  
Subtype A

Every season, circulating influenza viruses change; therefore, vaccines must be reformulated each year. We aimed to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe influenza infection for the 2018/19 season in Italy. We conducted a test-negative design case-control study at five Italian hospitals. We estimated influenza VE against severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) requiring hospitalisation overall, and by virus subtype, vaccine brand, and age. The 2018/19 season was characterised by A(H1N1)pmd09 and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. Vaccine coverage among <18 years recruited SARI cases was very low (3.2%). Seasonal vaccines were moderately effective against type A influenza overall (adjusted VE = 40.5%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 18.7–56.4%) and subtype A(H1N1)pmd09 viruses (adjusted VE = 55%; 95% CI = 34.5–69.1%), but ineffective against subtype A(H3N2) viruses (adjusted VE = 2.5%; 95% CI = −50.0–36.7%). Both Fluad and Fluarix Tetra vaccines were effective against type A influenza overall and subtype A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. VE appeared to be similar across age groups (0–64 years, ≥65 years). Seasonal influenza vaccines in the 2018/19 season were moderately effective in preventing SARI caused by A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza but ineffective against A(H3N2).

scholarly journals Mammalian-Transmissible H5N1 Influenza: Facts and Perspective

mBio ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Osterholm ◽  
Nicholas S. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
H5n1 Influenza ◽  
Unpublished Studies ◽  
Medical Countermeasures

ABSTRACT Two recently submitted (but as yet unpublished) studies describe success in creating mutant isolates of H5N1 influenza A virus that can be transmitted via the respiratory route between ferrets; concern has been raised regarding human-to-human transmissibility of these or similar laboratory-generated influenza viruses. Furthermore, the potential release of methods used in these studies has engendered a great deal of controversy around publishing potential dual-use data and also has served as a catalyst for debates around the true case-fatality rate of H5N1 influenza and the capability of influenza vaccines and antivirals to impact any future unintentional or intentional release of H5N1 virus. In this report, we review available seroepidemiology data for H5N1 infection and discuss how case-finding strategies may influence the overall case-fatality rate reported by the WHO. We also provide information supporting the position that if an H5N1 influenza pandemic occurred, available medical countermeasures would have limited impact on the associated morbidity and mortality.

scholarly journals Respiratory syncytial and influenza viruses in children under 2 years old with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Maputo, 2015

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. e0186735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirela Pale ◽  
Afonso Nacoto ◽  
Almiro Tivane ◽  
Neuza Nguenha ◽  
Loira Machalele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection

scholarly journals 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) in Panama: a disease affecting children with a benign course

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (09) ◽  
pp. 664-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Nieto- Guevara ◽  
Nestor Sosa ◽  
Mariana Garcia ◽  
Alex Martinez ◽  
Marlene Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Introduction: Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) was identified as the major febrile respiratory illness worldwide during the year 2009.  We present a report of its clinical and epidemiological characteristics in children and adults in Panama.  Methodology: A descriptive study from the database of the Gorgas Memorial Institute is presented.   We included patients with severe acute respiratory infection in whom a nasopharyngeal swab was positive by real-time RT-PCR for 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic virus and negative for seasonal influenza A H1 and H3. Results: From 26 April 2009 to 11 January 2010, confirmed cases of pandemic 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) reached 806. The overall incident rate was 23.35 cases of pandemic influenza per 100,000 habitants, with the highest incidence found in the age group between 10 to 14 years of age (58.67 cases per 100,000 habitants).  The median age for the cases was 13 years (ages ranging from one day to 88 years) and 71% were from the Panama City Metropolitan Area.  The male/female ratio was 1:1 and 90% were managed as out-patients.   An influenza-like syndrome was the presenting diagnosis in 99% of the cases.  Fever and cough were the most frequent symptoms reported in all age groups. The case fatality rate was 0.3 cases per 100,000 habitants. Conclusion: The 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) outbreak affected mainly the pediatric population, had a low case fatality rate, and was the predominant virus circulating in Panama during the 2009/2010 flu season

scholarly journals Covid-19 High Attack Rate Can Lead to High Case Fatality Rate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tareef Fadhil Raham
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: During the current Covid-19 pandemic case fatality rate (CFR) estimates were subjected to a lot of debates regarding the accuracy of its estimations, predictions, and the reason of across countries variances. In this context, we conduct this study to see the relationship between attack rate (AR) and CFR. The study hypothesis is based on two: 1- evidence suggests that the mortality rate (MR) has a positive influence on case fatality ratio (CFR), 2- and increase number of Covid-19 cases leads to increased mortality rate (MR). Material and methods: Thirty countries and territories were chosen. Inclusion criterion was > 500 Covid-19 reported cases per 10,000 population inhabitants. Data on covid-19 cases and deaths was selected as it was on March 10, 2021. Statistical methods used are descriptive and one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S), the one-way ANOVA, Levene, least significant different (LSD), and matched paired-samples T-tests. Results: ANOVA test showed a significant difference at P<0.01 among all studied groups concerning AR and CFR mean values. Group of countries with MR ≥ 15 death / 104 inhabitants recorded the highest level of crude mean CFR and AR values, and recorded the highest gap with leftover groups, especially with countries reported MR of <10 death/ 104 inhabitants. There were independence 95% confidence intervals of mean CFR and AR values between countries with ≥ 15 death / 104 MR and countries with MR of <10 death /104. There was a significant difference between countries with MR ≥ 15 death / 104 inhabitants and countries with MR of <10 death / 10 4 inhabitants groups through least significant difference (LSD) test for CFR%( 0.042 p-values) and Games Howell (GH) test for AR/104 (p-value 0.000). Conclusions: CFR has a positive significant association with AR.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in children: analysis of the first pandemic peak in England

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (12) ◽  
pp. 1180-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamez N Ladhani ◽  
Zahin Amin-Chowdhury ◽  
Hannah G Davies ◽  
Felicity Aiano ◽  
Iain Hayden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Testing Practices ◽  
Excess Deaths

ObjectivesTo assess disease trends, testing practices, community surveillance, case-fatality and excess deaths in children as compared with adults during the first pandemic peak in England.SettingEngland.ParticipantsChildren with COVID-19 between January and May 2020.Main outcome measuresTrends in confirmed COVID-19 cases, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positivity rates in children compared with adults; community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) compared with adults, case-fatality rate in children with confirmed COVID-19 and excess childhood deaths compared with the previous 5 years.ResultsChildren represented 1.1% (1,408/129,704) of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases between 16 January 2020 and 3 May 2020. In total, 540 305 people were tested for SARS-COV-2 and 129,704 (24.0%) were positive. In children aged <16 years, 35,200 tests were performed and 1408 (4.0%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2, compared to 19.1%–34.9% adults. Childhood cases increased from mid-March and peaked on 11 April before declining. Among 2,961 individuals presenting with ARI in primary care, 351 were children and 10 (2.8%) were positive compared with 9.3%–45.5% in adults. Eight children died and four (case-fatality rate, 0.3%; 95% CI 0.07% to 0.7%) were due to COVID-19. We found no evidence of excess mortality in children.ConclusionsChildren accounted for a very small proportion of confirmed cases despite the large numbers of children tested. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was low even in children with ARI. Our findings provide further evidence against the role of children in infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

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