scholarly journals Changing Mechanisms of Opiate Tolerance and Withdrawal during Early Development: Animal Models of the Human Experience

ILAR Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Barr ◽  
A. McPhie-Lalmansingh ◽  
J. Perez ◽  
M. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Opiate Tolerance

Looking into a Deluded Brain through a Neuroimaging Lens

2020 ◽  
pp. 107385842093617
Author(s):  
Shokouh Arjmand ◽  
Kristi A. Kohlmeier ◽  
Mina Behzadi ◽  
Mehran Ilaghi ◽  
Shahrzad Mazhari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
False Beliefs ◽  
The Neural Networks ◽  
The Brain

Delusions are irrational, tenacious, and incorrigible false beliefs that are the most common symptom of a range of brain disorders including schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. In the case of schizophrenia and other primary delusional disorders, their appearance is often how the disorder is first detected and can be sufficient for diagnosis. At this time, not much is known about the brain dysfunctions leading to delusions, and hindering our understanding is that the complexity of the nature of delusions, and their very unique relevance to the human experience has hampered elucidation of their underlying neurobiology using either patients or animal models. Advances in neuroimaging along with improved psychiatric and cognitive modeling offers us a new opportunity to look with more investigative power into the deluded brain. In this article, based on data obtained from neuroimaging studies, we have attempted to draw a picture of the neural networks involved when delusion is present and evaluate whether different manifestations of delusions engage different regions of the brain.

scholarly journals Animal Models Used in Identifying Gender-Related Differences

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishop B. Curry
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Gender Based

There is general agreement in the scientific community on the need to identify appropriate animal models that can be used to screen for gender-based differences. At the same time, there is a growing expectation for data from these models to mimic or be more predictive of the human experience. The species in this review will include nonhuman primates, rats, mice, rabbits, swine, hamsters, gerbils, quail, and fish. Although some of the models are unique, the gender-related differences, in most instances, may be correlated with man, due to the conservation of biological systems across species.

scholarly journals Animal models of implantation

Reproduction ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Y Lee ◽  
Francesco J DeMayo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Intimate Relationship ◽  
Fixed Position ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Human Implantation

Implantation is an intricately timed event necessary in the process of viviparous birth that allows mammals to nourish and protect their young during early development. Human implantation begins when the blastocyst both assumes a fixed position in the uterus and establishes a more intimate relationship with the endometrium. Due to the impracticalities of studying implantation in humans, animal models are necessary to decipher the molecular and mechanical events of this process. This review will discuss the differences in implantation between different animal models and describe how these differences can be utilized to investigate discrete implantation stages. In addition, factors that have been shown to be involved in implantation in the human and other various animal models including growth factors, cytokines, modulators of cell adhesion, and developmental factors will be discussed, and examples from each will be given.

Human Migraine Models

Cephalalgia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 781-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
HK Iversen
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Migraine Attack ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Neurogenic Inflammation ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Vascular Responses ◽  
Fos Expression ◽  
Set Up

The need for experimental models is obvious. In animal models it is possible to study vascular responses, neurogenic inflammation, c-fos expression etc. However, the pathophysiology of migraine remains unsolved, why results from animal studies not directly can be related to the migraine attack, which is a human experience. A set-up for investigations of experimental headache and migraine in humans, has been evaluated and headache mechanisms explored by using nitroglycerin and other headache-inducing agents. Nitric oxide (NO) or other parts of the NO activated cascade seems to be responsible for the induced headache and migraine. Perspectives are discussed.

Reductionist thinking and animal models in neuropsychiatric research

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Baran
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Developmental Genetic ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Mechanisms Of Plasticity

AbstractReductionist thinking in neuroscience is manifest in the widespread use of animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Broader investigations of diverse behaviors in non-model organisms and longer-term study of the mechanisms of plasticity will yield fundamental insights into the neurobiological, developmental, genetic, and environmental factors contributing to the “massively multifactorial system networks” which go awry in mental disorders.

Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document