scholarly journals Immune system stimulation increases the irreversible loss of cysteine to taurine, but not sulfate, in starter pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anoosh Rakhshandeh ◽  
Cornelis F M de Lange ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Amanda R Rakhshandeh
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Fed State ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Isotope Tracer

Abstract An isotope tracer study was conducted to evaluate the effects of immune system stimulation (ISS) on the irreversible loss of cysteine (Cys) to taurine (Tau) and sulfate (SO4), as well as glutathione (GSH) synthesis, during the fed state in pigs. We previously have reported that ISS increases plasma Cys flux and the GSH synthesis rate at the tissue and whole-body levels in growing pigs. Thus, the current article presents the data on the irreversible loss of Cys during ISS in pigs. Ten gilts (BW: 7.0 ± 0.12 kg) were feed restricted a sulfur amino acids (SAA) limiting diet and injected twice with either saline (n = 4) or increasing amounts of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (n = 6). The day after the second injection, a 5-h primed continuous intravenous infusion of 35S-Cys was conducted. ISS reduced plasma Cys and total SAA concentrations (16% and 21%, respectively; P < 0.05). However, ISS had no effect on the plasma concentrations of Tau and SO4, nor did it affect the appearance of 35S in plasma Tau, plasma SO4, urinary Tau, or urinary SO4 (P > 0.19). On a whole-body basis and including urinary excretion, ISS increased the appearance of 35S in Tau by 67% (P < 0.05), but tended to decrease the appearance of 35S in SO4 by 22% (P < 0.09). Overall, the current findings indicate that during ISS, decreased plasma SAA concentrations and increased plasma Cys flux are attributed in part to increased rates of Cys conversion to Tau, but not Cys catabolism to SO4. Thus, increased utilization of Cys for the synthesis of immune system metabolites, such as GSH and Tau, is likely the main contributor to increased Cys flux during ISS in pigs. In addition, the irreversible loss of Cys during ISS is small and has a minimal impact on the daily SAA requirements of starter pigs.

scholarly journals Responses in whole-body amino acid kinetics to an acute, sub-clinical endotoxin challenge in lambs

2015 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Hoskin ◽  
D. M. Bremner ◽  
G. Holtrop ◽  
G. E. Lobley
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Endotoxin Challenge ◽  
Metabolic Requirement ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Arginine Aspartate ◽  
Lps Treatment

AbstractSome effects of parasitism, endotoxaemia or sepsis can be mitigated by provision of extra protein. Supplemented protein may encompass a metabolic requirement for specific amino acids (AA). The current study investigates a method to identify and quantify the amounts of AA required during inflammation induced by an endotoxin challenge. One of each pair of six twin sheep was infused in the jugular vein for 20 h with either saline (control) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 ng/kg body weight per min) fromEscherichia coli. Between 12 and 20 h a mixture of stable isotope-labelled AA was infused to measure irreversible loss rates. From 16 to 20 h all sheep were supplemented with a mixture of unlabelled AA infused intravenously. Blood samples were taken before the start of infusions, and then continuously over intervals between 14 and 20 h. At 20 h the sheep were euthanised, and liver and kidney samples were taken for measurement of serine-threonine dehydratase (SDH) activity. LPS infusion decreased plasma concentrations of most AA (P<0·05;P<0·10 for leucine and tryptophan), except for phenylalanine (which increasedP=0·022) and tyrosine. On the basis of the incremental response to the supplemental AA, arginine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, lysine (tendency only), glycine, methionine, proline, serine and threonine were important in the metabolic response to the endotoxaemia. The AA infusion between 16 and 20 h restored the plasma concentrations in the LPS-treated sheep for the majority of AA, except for glutamine, isoleucine, methionine, serine and valine. LPS treatment increased (P<0·02) SDH activity in both liver and kidney. The approach allows quantification of key AA required during challenge situations.

Advances in stable isotope tracer methodology part 2: new thoughts about an “old” method—measurement of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown in the fed state

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R Wolfe ◽  
Sanghee Park ◽  
Il-Young Kim ◽  
Paul J Moughan ◽  
Arny A Ferrando
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Isotope Tracer ◽  
Tracer Dilution

Whole-body protein turnover (protein synthesis, breakdown, and net balance) model enables quantification of the response to a variety of circumstances, including the response to meal feeding. In the fed state, the whole-body protein turnover model requires taking account of the contribution of absorbed tracee to the observed total appearance of tracee in the peripheral blood (exogenous appearance, RaEXO). There are different approaches to estimating RaEXO. The use of an intrinsically labeled dietary protein is based on the overriding assumption that the appearance in the peripheral circulation of a tracer amino acid incorporated into a dietary protein is exactly proportional to the appearance of absorbed tracee. The bioavailability approach is based on the true ileal digestibility of the dietary protein and the irreversible loss of the tracee in the splanchnic bed via hydroxylation of the tracee (phenylalanine). Finally, RaEXO can be estimated as the increase above the basal rate of appearance of the tracee using traditional tracer dilution methodology. In this paper, we discuss the pros and cons of each approach and conclude that the bioavailability method is the least likely to introduce systematic errors and is therefore the preferable approach.

scholarly journals Immune system stimulation increases the plasma cysteine flux and whole-body glutathione synthesis rate in starter pigs1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 3871-3881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anoosh Rakhshandeh ◽  
Cornelis F M de Lange ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Abbasali Gheisari ◽  
Amanda R Rakhshandeh
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

Abstract Glutathione (GSH) is the major intracellular thiol that plays a role in numerous detoxification, bio-reduction, and conjugation reactions. The availability of Cys is thought to be the rate-limiting factor for the synthesis of GSH. The effects of immune system stimulation (ISS) on GSH levels and the GSH synthesis rate in various tissues, as well as the plasma flux of Cys, were measured in starter pigs fed a sulfur AA (SAA; Met + Cys) limiting diet. Ten feed-restricted gilts with initial body weight (BW) of 7.0 ± 0.12 kg were injected i.m. twice at 48-h intervals with either sterile saline (n = 4; ISS−) or increasing amounts of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (n = 6; ISS+). The day after the second injection, pigs received a primed constant infusion of 35S-Cys (9,300 kBq/pig/h) for 5 h via a jugular catheter. Blood and tissue free Cys and reduced GSH were isolated and quantified as the monobromobimane derivatives by HPLC. The rate of GSH synthesis was determined by measurement of the specific radioactivity of GSH and tissue free Cys at the end of the infusion period. Plasma Cys and total SAA levels were reduced (16% and 21%, respectively), but plasma Cys flux was increased (26%) by ISS (P < 0.05). Immune system stimulation increased GSH levels in the plasma (48%; P < 0.05), but had no effect on GSH levels in the liver, small and large intestines, heart, muscle, spleen, kidney, lung, and erythrocytes. The fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of GSH was higher (P < 0.05) in the liver (34%), small intestine (78%), large intestine (72%), heart (129%), muscle (37%), and erythrocytes (47%) of ISS+ pigs compared to ISS− pigs. The FSR of GSH tended (P = 0.08) to be higher in the lungs (45%) of ISS+ pigs than in ISS− pigs. The absolute rate of GSH synthesis was increased by ISS (mmol/kg wet tissue/d ± SE, ISS− vs. ISS+; P < 0.05) in the liver (5.22 ± 0.22 vs. 7.20 ± 0.59), small intestine (2.54 ± 0.25 vs. 4.52 ± 0.56), large intestine (0.61 ± 0.06 vs. 1.06 ± 0.16), heart (0.21 ± 0.03 vs. 0.48 ± 0.08), lungs (1.50 ± 0.10 vs. 2.90 ± 0.21), and muscle (0.21 ± 0.03 vs. 0.34 ± 0.04), but it remained unchanged in erythrocytes, the kidney, and the spleen (P > 0.80). The current findings suggest that GSH synthesis is increased during ISS, contributing to enhanced maintenance sulfur amino acid requirements in starter pigs during ISS.

scholarly journals 16 Sulfur amino acid utilization during immune system stimulation in growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 15-16
Author(s):  
Anoosh Rakhshandeh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Elevated Rate ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Immune system stimulation (ISS) modifies protein and amino acid (AA) metabolism in animals and humans. During ISS, AA are redirected away from growth and reproduction towards mounting an immune response. This redirection can impact AA requirements both qualitatively (i.e., the AA ratio) and quantitatively. Special attention has been given to sulfur-containing amino acid (SAA; Met + Cys) metabolism during ISS, due to their roles as precursors for the synthesis of proteins and metabolites that are involved in the immune response. A series of studies were conducted to investigate the impact of ISS on various aspects of SAA utilization, including ileal digestibility, plasma kinetics, the glutathione (GSH) synthesis rate, the irreversible loss of Cys, and dietary total SAA requirements. In all of the studies, pigs were feed restricted (≥ 2 times the maintenance requirement for ME) to eliminate the confounding effect of ISS on feed intake. Results indicated that ISS alters SAA metabolism and increases SAA requirements per unit of protein deposition. The latter occurs due to increased maintenance requirements for SAA during ISS. The results also showed that the enhanced maintenance requirement for SAA occurs mainly as a result of increased SAA utilization, mainly Cys, for the synthesis of immune system metabolites, such as GSH and acute-phase proteins, as well as the increased catabolism of Cys to taurine. In addition, we found that ISS increases the dietary Met-to-total SAA ratio in pigs, suggesting an enhanced preferential demand for dietary Met during ISS, perhaps to support an elevated rate of transsulfuration. Collectively, our findings point toward a need for developing an optimal dietary AA profile for diseased pigs.

Somatotropin-induced protein anabolism in hindquarters and portal-drained viscera of growing pigs

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (2) ◽  
pp. E302-E312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill A. Bush ◽  
Douglas G. Burrin ◽  
Agus Suryawan ◽  
Pamela M. J. O'Connor ◽  
Hanh V. Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fed State

To differentiate the effect of somatotropin (ST) treatment on protein metabolism in the hindquarter (HQ) and portal-drained viscera (PDV), growing swine ( n = 20) treated with ST (0 or 150 μg · kg−1 · day−1) for 7 days were infused intravenously with NaH13CO3 and [2H5]phenylalanine and enterally with [1-13C]phenylalanine while in the fed state. Arterial, portal venous, and vena cava whole blood samples, breath samples, and blood flow measurements were obtained for determination of tissue and whole body phenylalanine kinetics under steady-state conditions. In the fed state, ST treatment decreased whole body phenylalanine flux, oxidation, and protein degradation without altering protein synthesis, resulting in an improvement in whole body net protein balance. Blood flow to the HQ (+80%), but not to the PDV, was increased with ST treatment. In the HQ and PDV, ST increased phenylalanine uptake (+44 and +23%, respectively) and protein synthesis (+43 and +41%, respectively), with no effect on protein degradation. In ST-treated and control pigs, phenylalanine was oxidized in the PDV (34–43% of enteral and arterial sources) but not the HQ. In both treatment groups, dietary (40%) rather than arterial (10%) extraction of phenylalanine predominated in gut amino acid metabolism, whereas localized blood flow influenced HQ amino acid metabolism. The results indicate that ST increases protein anabolism in young, growing swine by increasing protein synthesis in the HQ and PDV, with no effect on protein degradation. Differing results between the whole body and the HQ and PDV suggest that the effect of ST treatment on protein metabolism is tissue specific.

Age effect on fibrinogen and albumin synthesis in humans

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (6) ◽  
pp. E1023-E1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aizhong Fu ◽  
K. Sreekumaran Nair
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Fractional Synthesis ◽  
Circulating Levels ◽  
Effect Of Age

A strong association has been reported between atherosclerotic diseases and fibrinogen levels, and a decreased whole body protein synthesis has also been reported with aging. We investigated the effect of age on fractional synthesis rates (FSR) of fibrinogen and albumin in 12 human subjects of young (20–30 yr), middle (45–60 yr), and old (65–79 yr) age by use ofl-[1-13C]leucine andl-[15N]phenylalanine as tracers. An age-related decline in FSR of fibrinogen ( P < 0.01) was observed with use of both tracers, with the maximal decrease (average 37% with α-[13C]ketoisocaproate as the precursor) occurring by middle age and with no further changes thereafter. In contrast, plasma concentrations of fibrinogen increased with age ( P < 0.002). There was no age-related change in synthesis rate and concentrations of albumin. An age-related decline in fibrinogen FSR, but not FSR of albumin, indicates a differential effect of age on synthesis rate of these two liver proteins. This study also demonstrated that the increased circulating levels of fibrinogen represent a slower rate of disposal of fibrinogen rather than an increased production rate.

110 Immune system stimulation (ISS) induced by E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alters amino acid metabolism in growing pigs

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (suppl_2) ◽  
pp. 51-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Stuart ◽  
T. E. Burkey ◽  
N. K. Gabler ◽  
K. J. Schwartz ◽  
D. Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
E Coli

Somatotropin increases protein balance by lowering body protein degradation in fed, growing pigs

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (3) ◽  
pp. E477-E483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhonda C. Vann ◽  
Hanh V. Nguyen ◽  
Peter J. Reeds ◽  
Douglas G. Burrin ◽  
Marta L. Fiorotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Leucine Oxidation ◽  
Urea Production

Somatotropin (ST) administration enhances protein deposition in well-nourished, growing animals. To determine whether the anabolic effect is due to an increase in protein synthesis or a decrease in proteolysis, pair-fed, weight-matched (∼20 kg) growing swine were treated with porcine ST (150 μg ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ day− 1, n = 6) or diluent ( n = 6) for 7 days. Whole body leucine appearance (Ra), nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD), urea production, and leucine oxidation, as well as tissue protein synthesis (Ks), were determined in the fed steady state using primed continuous infusions of [13C]leucine, [13C]bicarbonate, and [15N2]urea. ST treatment increased the efficiency with which the diet was used for growth. ST treatment also increased plasma insulin-like growth factor I (+100%) and insulin (+125%) concentrations and decreased plasma urea nitrogen concentrations (−53%). ST-treated pigs had lower leucine Ra (−33%), leucine oxidation (−63%), and urea production (−70%). However, ST treatment altered neither NOLD nor Ks in the longissimus dorsi, semitendinosus, or gastrocnemius muscles, liver, or jejunum. The results suggest that in the fed state, ST treatment of growing swine increases protein deposition primarily through a suppression of protein degradation and amino acid catabolism rather than a stimulation of protein synthesis.

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