scholarly journals Impact of added copper, alone or in combination with chlortetracycline, on growth performance and antimicrobial resistance of fecal enterococci of weaned piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaylen M Capps ◽  
Raghavendra G Amachawadi ◽  
Mariana B Menegat ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Kurt Perryman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Macrolide Resistance Gene ◽  
Cu Resistance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Studies suggest a link between added copper (Cu) and co-selection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Enterococcus spp., but data are inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the impact of added Cu, alone or with a feed-grade antimicrobial, on growth performance, transferable Cu resistance gene (tcrB) prevalence, abundance of tcrB in fecal community DNA, and AMR in fecal enterococci in weaned piglets. A total of 320 barrows (DNA 200 × 400, DNA Genetics) weaned at approximately 21 d of age with 7.4 kg (7.4 ± 0.06 kg) BW were used in a 28-d study. Piglets were fed a common non-medicated diet for 7 d of acclimation. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with main effects of added Cu (0 vs. 200 mg/kg Cu from Cu sulfate) and chlortetracycline (0 vs. 440 mg/kg CTC). Growth performance and fecal samples were obtained on days 0, 14, and 28. There was no evidence (P > 0.05) for Cu and CTC interaction in growth performance. Pigs fed diets with added Cu had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI from days 0 to 14, with no evidence for differences (P > 0.05) from days 15 to 28 and 0 to 28. Pigs fed diets with CTC had improved (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and G:F from days 0 to 28. Prevalence of tcrB-positive enterococci was not affected by the addition of Cu and/or CTC (P > 0.05). Prevalence of tcrB-positive enterococci was higher on day 14 than other sampling days (P = 0.002). Prevalence of tetracycline resistance gene [tet(M)]-positive enterococci was not affected by treatments or day (P > 0.05). Prevalence of macrolide resistance gene [erm(B)]-positive enterococci had a significant treatment and sampling day interaction (P = 0.021). The abundance of the tcrB gene in feces, quantified by PCR, was not affected by Cu treatment. The median Cu minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of tcrB-negative and -positive isolates were 3 and 20 mM, respectively (P < 0.001). For day 0 and day 28, all Enterococcus isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, daptomycin, and tigecycline, with a majority of isolates resistant to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin, linezolid, tetracycline, tylosin tartrate, and Synercid. In conclusion, 200 mg/kg added Cu or 440 mg/kg CTC in nursery diets improved growth performance of nursery pigs. Added Cu, with or without a selection pressure of CTC, did not increase Cu-resistant enterococci and did not co-select resistance to antibiotics.

scholarly journals 129 Effects of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and colonic pH in diets fed to weanling pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 101-102
Author(s):  
Jaron R Lewton ◽  
Adrienne Woodward ◽  
Ronny Moser ◽  
Kyan M Thelen ◽  
Adam J Moeser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Fiber Digestion ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on apparent digestibility and colonic pH of nursery pigs. Eighty pigs, of equal number of barrows and gilts (initial BW: 6.99 ± 1.67 kg), were weaned at 21 ± 1 d and randomly allotted to sixteen pens, with five pigs per pen. Two dietary treatments were implemented, a basal control (CON) and a control plus DFM (DFM). Both diets were corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains based, formulated to meet all or exceed all nutritional requirements, and manufactured on site. Diets were fed for 42 days. Performance measures were recorded weekly. On d 21 and 42 of the experiment, one pig per pen was randomly selected and euthanized, with equal number of males and females represented. Digestibility of specific nutrients was evaluated within the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending and distal colon. There were no overall differences in growth performance. Overall means ± SD were 0.51 ± 0.05 kg/d, 0.79 ± 0.05 kg/d and 0.66 ± 0.05 for ADG, ADFI, and G:F, respectively. Digestibility of tryptophan within the jejunum tended (P = 0.06) to increase with addition of DFM, as did cysteine (P = 0.12) and methionine (P = 0.10). The analysis also suggested that the impact of the DFM on the digestibility of amino acids may be early in the nursery phase. The pH of contents in ascending colon, a possible indicator of varied fiber digestion, did not differ. Likewise, no differences were observed between treatment in apparent total tract nitrogen and energy digestibility (analysis of distal colon contents). The addition of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based DFM appears to impact digestibility of select amino acids depending upon location in the gastrointestinal tract.

167 The impact of dietary SID Trp:Lys on growth performance of nursery pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (suppl_2) ◽  
pp. 79-79
Author(s):  
D. D. Koehler ◽  
J. F. Patience ◽  
K. J. Touchette ◽  
S. A. Gould ◽  
T. A. Kellner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals 136 The impact of Swine Awake® on commercial nursery flows from a PRRSV positive source

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
Emily Sugg ◽  
Randy Jones ◽  
Tyler Holck ◽  
Scott Heintzelman ◽  
Sarah A Weiland
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Single Source ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Source

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of Swine Awake® (SA; NutriQuest, Mason City, IA) on commercial nursery pigs from a single-source positive for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Virus (PRRSV). This study included 16 nursery rooms located on 3 farms. Rooms were alternately assigned between Control and SA treatment for a total of 8 rooms per treatment, with both treatments equally represented at each farm. Control and SA treatment rooms averaged 1,144 and 1,125 pigs placed for 47.4 and 48.3 days on trial, respectively. Swine Awake was administered via water for 21 d post-placement. Serum samples were collected from 30 pigs in each room at placement before MLV PRRSV vaccination and pooled in groups of 5 within room. Pooled serum samples along with oral fluid samples pulled the last days of trial were sent for PRRSV quantification by PCR. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Farm, start BW, and days on trial were used as covariates in the model when significant (P < 0.05). Twenty-seven of 96 pooled serum samples and 29 of 30 oral fluid samples tested positive for PRRSV with CT values ranging from 26.2 to < 37, suggesting pigs were viremic at placement with virus present throughout the study. End BW, ADG, and G/F did not significantly differ between treatments (P > 0.10); however, a numerical improvement of 0.27 kg for end BW and a 1.9% improvement in G/F were observed for pigs given SA compared with Control. Reduced percentage of dead or euthanized pigs was observed for pigs given SA compared with Control (4.1 vs. 5.9%, P = 0.06). Overall, nursery growth performance in pigs coming from a PRRSV positive flow was not different between treatments, but total mortality was decreased by 31% in barns where SA was administered.

scholarly journals Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Commercial Swine Herds Is Associated with Disinfectant and Zinc Usage

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 2690-2695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mackenzie Jonathan Slifierz ◽  
Robert M. Friendship ◽  
J. Scott Weese
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Swine Herds

ABSTRACTMethicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) originating from swine is concerning for public health, but an understanding of the emergence and persistence of MRSA in nursery herds is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine whether MRSA in nursery pigs is associated with particular herd-level parameters, including the use of antimicrobials, disinfectants, and heavy metals, which may be driving the selection and persistence of antimicrobial resistance. Nasal cultures for MRSA were completed for 390 pigs from 26 farms at the end of the suckling phase and again at 3 weeks postweaning. Herd-level information was collected, and a random subset of MRSA isolates was screened for resistance to zinc and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). Multivariate analysis revealed that in-feed concentrations of zinc (P< 0.001) and frequent disinfection of nursery pens (P< 0.001) are associated with MRSA shedding in nursery pigs. Furthermore, 62.5% (25/40) of MRSA isolates carried the zinc resistance geneczrCand demonstrated decreased susceptibility to zinc. All MRSA isolates carried at least 1 QAC resistance gene. The most common genotype wasqacG qacH smr, which occurred in 32.5% (13/40) of isolates. Seven isolates (17.5%) demonstrated a significant tolerance to benzalkonium chloride, indicating a potential to survive commercial QAC exposure in the presence of organic matter. Overall, these findings indicate that high levels of in-feed zinc and QAC-based disinfectants are important drivers in the selection and persistence of MRSA in commercial swine herds, and these agents may be coselecting for other antimicrobial resistance genes.

scholarly journals 177 Determining the impact of By-O-Reg+ in diets with or without feed grade antibiotic on growth performance of nursery pigs

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (suppl_2) ◽  
pp. 83-83
Author(s):  
L. L. Thomas ◽  
J. C. Woodworth ◽  
R. D. Goodband ◽  
J. M. DeRouchey ◽  
M. D. Tokach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Effect of cleaning corn on mycotoxin concentration and nursery pig growth performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashton D Yoder ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Michael D Tokach ◽  
Chad B Paulk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Feed Form ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Mycotoxins are naturally-produced hazards that result from molds grown on cereal grains and other commodities. These molds may produce carcinogenic mycotoxins, which can be harmful to humans and animals. Removing broken kernels has been demonstrated to reduce mycotoxin concentration, but with high variability. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to quantify the magnitude of natural mycotoxin concentration that may be reduced by cleaning corn. Two loads of corn that were naturally contaminated with mycotoxins were procured. Corn for Experiment 1 was contaminated with aflatoxin (1,074 parts per billion; ppb), fumonisin (8.3 parts per million; ppm), and ochratoxin A (206 ppb), while corn for Experiment 2 was contaminated with only fumonisin (5.5 ppm). Corn was cleaned by mechanical sieving. For each experiment, corn was divided into twenty 150 kg runs. Runs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments: 1) no screen 2) 12.7 mm screen, 3) 4.8 mm screen, and 4) 12.7 + 4.8-mm screen. The corn cleaner was sanitized between runs. Three 5 kg corn samples were collected from each run, and analyzed for mycotoxin concentration. In Experiment 1, cleaning reduced (P &lt; 0.05) aflatoxin and fumonisin concentration by an average of 26% and 45%, respectively, compared to the original uncleaned corn level, but did not impact (P &gt; 0.10) ochratoxin A. The resultant screenings had nearly 4 times the aflatoxin (4,224 ppb) and 7.5 times the fumonisin concentration (60.4 ppm) as the uncleaned corn. In Experiment 2, cleaning reduced (P &lt; 0.05) fumonisin concentration by 32%. The resultant screenings had 19.6 times the fumonisin concentration (65.4 ppm) as the uncleaned corn. To determine the effect that cleaning corn may have on nursery pig growth performance, 360 nursery pigs were used in Experiment 3 to evaluate the impact of cleaning or pelleting on growth performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with corn type (uncleaned vs. cleaned) and feed form (mash vs. pelleted from either mill A or B). Neither cleaning corn nor pellet mill type affected (P &gt; 0.19) nursery pig growth performance. Pelleting improved (P &lt; 0.0001) gain to feed ratio (G:F) by 7.6% compared to mash diets. These data suggest that cleaning is an effective method to legally reduce aflatoxin and fumonisin concentration, but does not impact animal growth performance. Screenings should be used cautiously when feeding to animals.

scholarly journals The impact of manure and soil texture on antimicrobial resistance gene levels in farmlands and adjacent ditches

2020 ◽  
Vol 737 ◽  
pp. 139563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonçalo Macedo ◽  
Lucia Hernandez-Leal ◽  
Peter van der Maas ◽  
Dick Heederik ◽  
Dik Mevius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Gene ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Dietary Montmorillonite Improves the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier and Optimizes the Intestinal Microbial Community of Weaned Piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Liu ◽  
Congmin Wang ◽  
Xueling Gu ◽  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Cunxi Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Intestinal Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function ◽  
The Impact

The study investigated the impact of dietary montmorillonite on the growth performance, intestinal mucosal barrier, and microbial community in weaned piglets with control group (CON) and dietary supplementation of 0.2% montmorillonite (0.2% M). Compared with the CON group, 0.2% M feed in the diet increased the average daily gain (ADG) on days 15–35 and day 1–35 and the average daily feed intake on days 1–35 (ADFI) (0.05 &lt; P &lt; 0.1). Besides, higher villus height of the duodenum and jejunum and lower crypt depth of duodenum and colon were revealed in the 0.2% M group than in the CON group (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the V/C (ratio of the villus height and crypt depth) in the 0.2% M group was increased compared to that in the CON group both from the duodenum and ileum (P &lt; 0.05). The relative mRNA expression of mucin-1, ITGB1 (β1-integrins), and PKC (protein kinase C) of ileum in the 0.2% M group were upregulated (P &lt; 0.05) compared to that in the CON group. The digesta sample of ileum from piglets in the 0.2% M group contained greater (P &lt; 0.05) intestinal bacterial diversity and abundances of probiotics, such as Streptococcus, Eubacterium_rectale_group, and Lactobacillus, which could promote the synthesis of carbon-containing biomolecules. Overall, dietary supplementation of 0.2% M was shown to have a tendency to improve the growth performance of weaned piglets and may enhance their intestinal mucosal barrier function via altering the gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Adverse effects on growth performance and bone development in nursery pigs fed diets marginally deficient in phosphorus with increasing calcium to available phosphorus ratios

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Spenser L Becker ◽  
Stacie A Gould ◽  
Amy L Petry ◽  
Leah M Kellesvig ◽  
John F Patience
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the growth performance and bone mineral content (BMC) of nursery pigs in response to increasing total calcium (Ca) to available phosphorus (aP) ratios in diets containing phytase (250 FTU/kg; Natuphos E, BASF, Florham Park, NJ). A total of 480 nursery pigs (body weight (BW) = 5.7 ± 0.6 kg) with 10 pigs per pen and 7 pens per treatment (6 pens fed 2.75:1 diet) were allotted to seven treatments consisting of increasing ratios of calcium to available phosphorus (Ca:aP): 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.25, 2.50, and 2.75. From day −7 to 0, pigs were fed a common diet. They were then fed the treatment diets during two experimental phases from day 1 to 14 and 15 to 28, respectively. Available P was formulated to 0.33% and 0.27% (approximately 90% of requirement) in dietary phases 1 and 2, respectively. BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were determined. BMC of the femur was measured on day 28 on one pig per pen using dual x-ray absorptiometry. Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model using PROC MIXED (SAS, 9.3). Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing the Ca:aP. Over the 28-d experimental period, increasing Ca:aP resulted in a linear decrease in ADG (353, 338, 328, 304, 317, 291, and 280 g/d; P &lt; 0.01), ADFI (539, 528, 528, 500, 533, 512, and 489 g/d; P &lt; 0.05), and G:F (0.68, 0.66, 0.64, 0.62, 0.61, 0.59, and 0.58; P &lt; 0.01). Increasing Ca:aP also resulted in decreased BW on days 14 and 28 (P &lt; 0.01). The BMC of the femur decreased with increasing Ca:aP (6.2, 6.3, 5.7, 5.9, 5.5, 5.6, and 5.3 g; P &lt; 0.05). Regression analysis explained the impact of Ca:aP as follows on ADG (ADG [g/d] = 339 − 36x; r2 = 0.81), G:F (G:F = 0.61 – 0.03x; r2 = 0.72), and BMC (BMC [g] = 6.4 – 0.27x; r2 = 0.43), where x is the Ca:aP. In conclusion, all outcomes indicated that any level of calcium above the minimum used in this experiment impaired growth performance and skeletal development. Further research using even lower levels of dietary Ca is warranted.

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