DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTIVE POWERPOINT LEARNING MEDIA THEME 1 SUBTHEME 3 ANIMAL GROWTH FOR THIRD GRADE STUDENTS OF SDN 007 TEBING KARIMUN

This study aims to know how the procedure for developing interactive powerpoint learning media and testing the feasibility of interactive powerpoint learning media products for third grade students of SDN 007 Tebing Karimun. This research was a research and development (R & D) that refers to the Borg and gall. Data on quality of product development were collected by questionnaire. Data analyzed with descriptive quantitative and qualitative techniques. The results of this study showed that: (1) the validation of material expert based on eligibility was in the criteria of very feasible (83%); (2) design expert validation was in the criteria very feasible (100%); (3) the response of the third grade teacher to the interactive powerpoint learning media developed was in the very good criteria (83%); (4) the results of the response of student trials to the feasibility of the media carried out were initial field trials with very good criteria (92%), small group field trials with very good criteria (84%) and limited group field trials with very good criteria (86%). This shows that the interactive powerpoint learning media theme 1 subtheme 3 animal growth for third grade students of SDN 007 Tebing Karimun is feasible to be used as learning media in the schools. Keywords: Media Development, Interactive Powerpoint, Animal Growth

Concepts and Consequences of a Core Gut Microbiota for Animal Growth and Development

Animal microbiomes are occasionally considered as an extension of host anatomy, physiology, and even their genomic architecture. Their compositions encompass variable and constant portions when examined across multiple hosts. The latter, termed the core microbiome, is viewed as more accommodated to its host environment and suggested to benefit host fitness. Nevertheless, discrepancies in its definitions, characteristics, and importance to its hosts exist across studies. We survey studies that characterize the core microbiome, detail its current definitions and available methods to identify it, and emphasize the crucial need to upgrade and standardize the methodologies among studies. We highlight ruminants as a case study and discuss the link between the core microbiome and host physiology and genetics, as well as potential factors that shape it. We conclude with main directives of action to better understand the host–core microbiome axis and acquire the necessary insights into its controlled modulation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium Utilization in Growing Pigs: Requirements and Improvements

The sustainability of animal production relies on the judicious use of phosphorus (P). Phosphate, the mined source of agricultural phosphorus supplements, is a non-renewable resource, but phosphorus is essential for animal growth, health, and well-being. P must be provided by efficient and sustainable means that minimize the phosphorus footprint of livestock production by developing precise assessment of the bioavailability of dietary P using robust models. About 60% of the phosphorus in an animal's body occurs in bone at a fixed ratio with calcium (Ca) and the rest is found in muscle. The P and Ca requirements must be estimated together; they cannot be dissociated. While precise assessment of P and Ca requirements is important for animal well-being, it can also help to mitigate the environmental effects of pig farming. These strategies refer to multicriteria approaches of modeling, efficient use of the new generations of phytase, depletion and repletion strategies to prime the animal to be more efficient, and finally combining these strategies into a precision feeding model that provides daily tailored diets for individuals. The industry will need to use strategies such as these to ensure a sustainable plant–animal–soil system and an efficient P cycle.

Enhanced Antioxidant Activity of Nano-Selenium Produced Using a Bacterial Isolate Citrobacter sp.

Selenium is essential for human, plant, and animal growth and reproduction. Because of their biological activity, bioavailability, and low toxicity, selenium nanoparticles are regarded as a promising material for many applications in biomedicine and health. Selenium-resistant bacteria were isolated from garden soil and identified as Citrobacter amalonaticus strain ARB01. TEM, UV-visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, and EDAX were used to characterize biosynthesized SeNPs using the cell-free extract of ARB01. The antioxidant activity of biologically functionalized SeNPs was evaluated using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant strength (FRAP), and 2, 2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The Dot-blot test was used to perform a qualitative study of the antioxidant activity of SeNPs using the TLC-DPPH technique. The TEM analysis revealed spherical SeNPs with diameters ranging from 50 nm to 80 nm. Because of the synergistic effect of biomolecules involved in nanoparticle synthesis, SeNPs showed higher antioxidant activity. This study reveals that the antioxidant activity of nanoparticles increased due to functionalization by biomolecules present in the cell-free extract of bacterial isolate.

On-Chip Purification of Tetracyclines Based on Copper Ions Interaction

Antibiotics are widely used to both prevent and treat bacterial diseases as well as promote animal growth. This massive use leads to the presence of residual antibiotics in food with severe consequences for human health. Limitations and regulations on the tolerated amount of antibiotics in food have been introduced and analytical methods have been developed. The bioanalytical methods usually employed to detect antibiotic residues, however, are time-consuming, expensive and laboratory-based. Novel methods with improved rapidity, portability and cost that are easy-to-use and sustainable are therefore highly desirable. In the attempt to fulfill this need, a microfluidic system was set up herein for the purification and pre-concentration of tetracyclines from raw milk selected as the case-study. The system includes a polymeric microfluidic chip containing magnetic beads loaded with copper to exploit the preferential interaction of tetracycline with divalent ions. The microfluidic system was demonstrated to efficiently pre-concentrate tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline with similar performances and efficiently purify tetracycline from raw milk without any pre-treatment. The simplified method described in this paper could be easily integrated in a compact and portable device for the in-field detection of tetracyclines, with the economic advantage of preventing food wastes and guaranteeing food safety.

In-silico investigation of umami peptides with receptor T1R1/T1R3 for the discovering potential targets: A combined modeling approach

Umami, providing amino acids/peptides for animal growth, represents one of the major attractive taste modalities. The biochemical and umami properties of peptide are both important for scientific research and food industry. In this study, we did the sequence analysis of 205 umami peptides with 2-18 amino acids, sought the active sites of umami peptides by quantum chemical simulations and investigated their recognition residues with receptor T1R1/T1R3 by molecular docking. The results showed the peptides with 2-3 amino acids accounting for 44% of the total umami peptides. Residues D and E are the key active sites no matter where they in peptides (N-terminal, C-terminal or middle), when umami peptides contain D/E residues. N69, D147, R151, A170, S172, S276 and R277 residues in T1R1 receptor were deem to the key residues binding umami peptides. Finally, a powerful decision rule for umami peptides was proposed to predict potential umami peptides, which was convenient, time saving and efficiently.

PSII-12 Identifying behaviors and the ‘normal’ daily ethogram using accelerometers on grazing animals

Animal behavior plays a crucial role as an indicator of animal health and nutritional status and serves as an indicator of animal growth. The objective of this study was to build an ethogram describing behavior in grazing cattle. We collected video and accelerometer data from crossbred steers (n = 10) used as part of a larger grazing study on the HH Leveck Animal Research Center, Mississippi State, MS. Daily Diary accelerometers (Wildbyte® technologies, Swansea) were programmed to collect magnetometer and accelerometer data at 40 Hz and attached to the GPS collars fitted on the animals prior to their release into a 10-hectare pasture of Tall Fescue and Bermudagrass, overseeded with Annual Ryegrass. Automated camera traps (Bushnell Essential®) were synced with UTC time and programmed to record 30-second video clips when triggered. Approximately 387,000 accelerometer signals representing 161 minutes of behavior from 10 animals were recorded, and behavior classified according to 1 of 5 categories: traveling, foraging, resting, ruminating, and grooming (Kilgour et al., 2012). Categorized accelerometer data was used to train a random forest model (Liaw and Weiner, 2002) in Program R (R Core Team, 2020), which resulted in a model sensitivity of 0.97, 0.93, 0.90, 0.87, and 0.80 for Traveling, Foraging, Resting, Ruminating, and Grooming, respectively, and an overall model accuracy of 0.95. Behaviors were aggregated into behavior bouts, and a daily ethogram was calculated for March 2019. This revealed that the steers spent the most amount of time traveling, an average of 1,026 minutes per day. This behavior was followed, in the average length of time, by foraging and resting for 205 ± 52.8 minutes and 31.8 ± 28.2 minutes per day, respectively. These results indicate the ability to accurately build a behavioral ethogram for grazing cattle and warrant further study in future research and livestock management.

PSIV-8 Effect of pre-grazing herbage mass, post-grazing sward height and finishing diet on performance of late-maturing beef steers

Grazing sward structure can influence animal performance in forage-only and forage plus concentrate-based production systems. The objective was to determine the effects of pre-grazing herbage mass (PGHM), post-grazing sward height (PGSH) and indoor finishing diet on performance of weaned, spring-born beef steers. Steers (n = 96, ca. 12 months of age, 396 ± 20.1 kg) previously fed grass silage only over the first winter, were assigned to one of twelve grazing groups, balanced for live weight. Grazing groups were randomly assigned to a two PGHM (1500 or 2500 kg DM/ha) × two PGSH (4 or 6 cm) factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 3 groups/treatment). Steers rotationally grazed Lolium perenne-dominant swards (not mechanically topped) for 222 days. Steers were then accommodated indoors and offered grass silage only (SO) or grass silage + 3.8 kg concentrate DM/head daily (SC) for a 146 day finishing period. Data were analysed using the mixed procedure of SAS with terms for PGHM, PGSH, finishing diet and their interactions in the model. Grazed herbage intake was unaffected by PGHM but was greater for PGSH-6 than PGSH-4 (6.94 vs. 6.18 kg DM/day; P < 0.001). Steer average daily gain at pasture was greater for PGHM-1500 than PGHM-2500 (0.65 vs. 0.60 kg; P < 0.05) and for PGSH-6 than PGSH-4 (0.70 vs. 0.55 kg; P < 0.001). After indoor finishing, carcass weight was unaffected by PGHM, but was heavier for PGSH-6 than PGSH-4 (386 vs. 367 kg; P < 0.01); carcass traits were unaffected by PGHM or PGSH. Carcasses were heavier (+43 kg), fatter (P < 0.001) and more conformed (P < 0.01) for SC than SO. In conclusion, both PGHM-2500 and PGSH-4 restricted animal growth at pasture; however, following an indoor finishing period, carcass weight did not differ between PGHM, but was heavier for PGSH-6 than PGSH-4.

Presence of Adult Companion Goats Favors the Rumen Microbial and Functional Development in Artificially Reared Kids

Newborn dairy ruminants are usually separated from their dams after birth and fed on milk replacer. This lack of contact with adult animals may hinder the rumen microbiological and physiological development. This study evaluates the effects of rearing newborn goat kids in contact with adult companions on the rumen development. Thirty-two newborn goat kids were randomly allocated to two experimental groups which were reared either in the absence (CTL) or in the presence of non-lactating adult goats (CMP) and weaned at 7 weeks of age. Blood and rumen samples were taken at 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age to evaluate blood metabolites and rumen microbial fermentation. Next-generation sequencing was carried out on rumen samples collected at 7 weeks of age. Results showed that CTL kids lacked rumen protozoa, whereas CMP kids had an abundant and complex protozoal community as well as higher methanogen abundance which positively correlated with the body weight and blood β-hydroxybutyrate as indicators of the physiological development. CMP kids also had a more diverse bacterial community (+132 ASVs) and a different structure of the bacterial and methanogen communities than CTL kids. The core rumen bacterial community in CMP animals had 53 more ASVs than that of CTL animals. Furthermore, the number of ASVs shared with the adult companions was over 4-fold higher in CMP kids than in CTL kids. Greater levels of early rumen colonizers Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes were found in CTL kids, while CMP kids had higher levels of Bacteroidetes and other less abundant taxa (Veillonellaceae, Cyanobacteria, and Selenomonas). These findings suggest that the presence of adult companions facilitated the rumen microbial development prior to weaning. This accelerated microbial development had no effect on the animal growth, but CMP animals presented higher rumen pH and butyrate (+45%) and ammonia concentrations than CTL kids, suggesting higher fibrolytic and proteolytic activities. CMP kids also had higher blood β-hydroxybutyrate (+79%) and lower blood glucose concentrations (-23%) at weaning, indicating an earlier metabolic development which could favor the transition from pre-ruminant to ruminant after the weaning process. Further research is needed to determine the effects of this intervention in more challenging farm conditions.