scholarly journals 386 Past, present and future of protein and N metabolism in ruminants

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 169-170
Author(s):  
Gerald B Huntington ◽  
Joan H Eisemann
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Publishing Research ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
N Metabolism

Abstract By 1900, research identified urea, ammonia, and protein as the basic components of N metabolism in ruminants. Energy and protein metabolic interactions were outlined, amino acids were individually recognized as constituents of protein molecules, and the concept of enzyme-catalyzed reactions was established. Research stations were publishing research results and feeding recommendations. By 2000, the National Research Council built on the work of Henry and Morrison to create and revise publications of nutrient requirements for various classes of ruminants. Use of surgically altered animals, isotopically labelled molecules, and standardized laboratory analyses created quantitative information on ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism of N-containing compounds. Protein composition and structure as well as the role of protein turnover to determine the concentration of cellular proteins were elucidated. Hypothesis-driven, statistically valid experimental designs created quantitative information on protein and amino acid requirements. Methionine was identified as the likely first-limiting amino acid for several ruminant species and production states. The internet and the advent of international symposia provided links among researchers around the globe. Today, multidisciplinary research teams are needed to enlarge the data base, to describe proteomics and metabolomics, and to integrate “big data” into insightful and useful models. Those models currently use or estimate rates and daily amounts of ruminal (in)degradability of dietary protein, ammonia production, urea recycling, microbial protein synthesis, postruminal protein digestion, metabolic fecal nitrogen, and amino acid absorption and metabolism. They predict use of metabolizable amino acids for maintenance, milk yield, growth, and fetal growth. Directions of future research include integration of functional roles of amino acids into recommended dietary supply and requirements, and focus on solutions to challenges presented by climate change, (in)sustainability of livestock production, and changes in public perception of humans’ use of ruminants and other animals.

scholarly journals Further evidence that mechanisms of host/symbiont integration are dissimilar in the maternal versus embryonic Acyrthosiphon pisum bacteriome

EvoDevo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celeste R. Banfill ◽  
Alex C. C. Wilson ◽  
Hsiao-ling Lu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Follicular Epithelium ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Buchnera Aphidicola ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽  
Asexual Embryogenesis

Abstract Background Host/symbiont integration is a signature of evolutionarily ancient, obligate endosymbioses. However, little is known about the cellular and developmental mechanisms of host/symbiont integration at the molecular level. Many insects possess obligate bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients. To advance understanding of the developmental and metabolic integration of hosts and endosymbionts, we track the localization of a non-essential amino acid transporter, ApNEAAT1, across asexual embryogenesis in the aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Previous work in adult bacteriomes revealed that ApNEAAT1 functions to exchange non-essential amino acids at the A. pisum/Buchnera aphidicola symbiotic interface. Driven by amino acid concentration gradients, ApNEAAT1 moves proline, serine, and alanine from A. pisum to Buchnera and cysteine from Buchnera to A. pisum. Here, we test the hypothesis that ApNEAAT1 is localized to the symbiotic interface during asexual embryogenesis. Results During A. pisum asexual embryogenesis, ApNEAAT1 does not localize to the symbiotic interface. We observed ApNEAAT1 localization to the maternal follicular epithelium, the germline, and, in late-stage embryos, to anterior neural structures and insect immune cells (hemocytes). We predict that ApNEAAT1 provisions non-essential amino acids to developing oocytes and embryos, as well as to the brain and related neural structures. Additionally, ApNEAAT1 may perform roles related to host immunity. Conclusions Our work provides further evidence that the embryonic and adult bacteriomes of asexual A. pisum are not equivalent. Future research is needed to elucidate the developmental time point at which the bacteriome reaches maturity.

Amino acids in blood plasma and tissues of rats following glucose force-feeding

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Knipfel ◽  
H. G. Botting ◽  
F. J. Noel ◽  
J. M. McLaughlan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Tissue Uptake ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Glucose Administration ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Concentration Changes

Changes in plasma amino acid (PAA) concentrations effected by force-feeding glucose to rats were studied in two experiments. Attempts were made to relate PAA concentration changes to amino acid requirements, previous diet, time after feeding glucose, and composition of several body proteins. Distribution of 14C-lysine between blood and tissues was examined in an additional rat experiment. Previous diet did not affect the relative quantities of amino acids removed from plasma (PAA removal pattern) after glucose force-feeding. Minimal PAA concentrations occurred by 40 min after glucose administration. The PAA removal pattern was not distinctly related to either amino acid requirements or to any particular body protein composition. Results of administering 14C-lysine simultaneously with glucose indicated that decreased plasma 14C-lysine levels were caused by increased tissue uptake of 14C, likely mediated by insulin. Muscle acted as the major recipient of 14C from plasma, with liver a lesser and more dynamic reservoir of 14C accumulation. Work is continuing to further clarify the significance of the PAA removal pattern, caused by the force-feeding of glucose.

scholarly journals Rabbit Carcasses for Use in Feline Diets: Amino Acid Concentrations in Fresh and Frozen Carcasses With and Without Gastrointestinal Tracts

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy J. Owens ◽  
Andrea J. Fascetti ◽  
C. Christopher Calvert ◽  
Jennifer A. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Taurine Supplementation ◽  
Frozen Ground ◽  
Taurine Deficiency ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Whole-prey diets for exotic feline species are common, and this practice has also increased in popularity for domestic cats. However, prior analyses of prey indicate possible essential amino acid inadequacy, and dilated cardiomyopathy from taurine deficiency was reported in cats fed whole ground rabbit. Crude protein, body water, and amino acid concentrations were evaluated in fresh and frozen ground rabbits with (n=10) or without (n = 10) gastrointestinal tracts. Amino acids were greater in fresh samples without gastrointestinal tracts (p < 0.05) except taurine, glycine, and cysteine. When normalized for protein content, only glutamate, alanine, methionine, isoleucine, tyrosine, lysine, histidine, and arginine were greater in fresh rabbits without gastrointestinal tracts (g/16 g N basis; p < 0.05). Freezing at −18°C for 30 days had no effect on crude protein or body water content. After freezing, only methionine was lower and only proline was higher when gastrointestinal tracts were omitted (g/16 g N basis; p < 0.05). Regardless, all essential amino acids except taurine exceeded Association of American Feed Control Officials and National Research Council nutrient recommendations for all feline life stages. In contrast, there was minimal impact of treatment on taurine concentrations. However, although feline taurine requirements for prey and other raw or fresh food diets remain undefined, none of the rabbit samples met any recommendation for taurine concentrations for commercial canned or dry extruded diets, ranging from 20 to 90% of the minimum values. Taurine supplementation is recommended when feeding rabbit to cats. Determination of taurine requirements of cats fed whole-prey diets is warranted.

scholarly journals AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Bones at Arizona

Radiocarbon ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (03) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Long ◽  
A T Wilson ◽  
R D Ernst ◽  
B H Gore ◽  
P E Hare
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Fossil Bone ◽  
Bone Material ◽  
Ams Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Fossil Bones ◽  
Extraneous Material

Modern bone contains ca 25% protein material, most of which is collagen. Amino acids separated from collagen isolated from bone are suitable for 14C dating of fossil bone, but attempts to carry out this procedure on bones seriously depleted in protein can yield erroneous 14C dates. Amino-acid analysis of fossil bone gives quantitative information on the degree of preservation of its organic component. Also, the relative abundance of the amino-acid components reveal the degree to which the collagen-like pattern has been altered. Alteration may be caused by addition of extraneous material. A 1mg sample of bone material is sufficient for this preliminary analysis. We have developed a series of acceptance criteria for whether a particular specimen is likely to yield the correct 14C age. 14C dating of fossil bones not seriously depleted in protein is a straightforward procedure and yields reliable dates.

Protein composition and ruminal amino acid degradability of linseed meal

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-747
Author(s):  
A. F. Mustafa ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
J. J. McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Linseed Meal ◽  
Ruminal Degradability

A study was conducted to determine amino acid composition and ruminal degradability of linseed meal (LSM) relative to canola meal (CM). Linseed meal had higher (P < 0.05) arginine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine and less (P < 0.05) lysine than CM. Except for histidine, methionine, and threonine, ruminal escape values of essential amino acids were higher (P < 0.05) for LSM than CM. Key words: Linseed meal, amino acids, ruminal degradability

scholarly journals Evolutionary significance of amino acid permease transporters in 17 plants from Chlorophyta to Angiospermae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Nana Kong ◽  
Minxuan Cao ◽  
Dongdong Wang ◽  
Yue Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Amino Acid Permease ◽  
Group I ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Duplication Events ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Clade 1

Abstract Background: Nitrogen is an indispensable nutrient for plant growth. It is used and transported in the form of amino acids in living organisms. Transporting amino acids to various parts of plants requires relevant transport proteins, such as amino acid permeases (AAPs), which were our focus in this study.Results: We found that 5 AAP genes were present in Chlorophyte species and more AAP genes were predicted in Bryophyta and Lycophytes. Two main groups were defined and group I comprised 5 clades. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that the origin of clades 2, 3, and 4 is Gymnospermae and that these clades are closely related. The members of clade 1 included Chlorophyta to Gymnospermae. Group II, as a new branch consisting of non-seed plants, is first proposed in our research. Our results also indicated that the AAP family was already present in Chlorophyta and then expanded accompanying the development of vasculature. Concurrently, the AAP family experienced multiple duplication events that promoted the generation of new functions and differentiation of sub-functions.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the AAP gene originated in Chlorophyta, and some non-seed AAP genes clustered in one group. A second group, which contained plants of all evolutionary stages, indicated the evolution of AAPs. These new findings can be used to guide future research.

scholarly journals Amino acid and ureide transport in the xylem of symbiotic soybean plants during short-term flooding of the root system in the presence of different sources of nitrogen

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Luís Thomas ◽  
Ladaslav Sodek
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Source ◽  
Root Hypoxia ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Different Sources

The transport of organic N compounds to the shoot in the xylem sap of nodulated soybean plants was investigated in an attempt to better understand the changes in N metabolism under root hypoxia (first 5 days of flooding), with different sources of N in the medium. NO3- is beneficial for tolerance of plants to waterlogging, whereas other N sources such as NH4+ and NH4NO3, are not. Nevertheless, in the presence of NH4+ high levels of amino acids were transported in the xylem, consistent with its assimilation. Some increase in the transport of amino acids was also seen with NO3- nutrition during waterlogging, but not with N-free medium. Ureide transport in the xylem was severely reduced during waterlogging, consistent with impaired N2 fixation under these conditions. The relative proportions of some amino acids in the xylem showed dramatic changes during treatment. Alanine increased tremendously under root hypoxia, especially with NH4+ as N source, where it reached near 70 % of the total amino acids present. Aspartic acid, on the other hand, dropped to very low levels and was inversely related to alanine levels, consistent with this amino acid being the immediate source of N for alanine synthesis. Glutamine levels also fell to a larger or lesser extent, depending on the N source present. The changes in asparagine, one of the prominent amino acids of the xylem sap, were most outstanding in the treatment with NO3-, where they showed a large increase, characteristic of plants switching from dependence on N2 fixation to NO3- assimilation. The data indicate that the lesser effectiveness of NH4+ during waterlogging, in contrast to NO3-, involves restricted amino acids metabolism, and may result from energy metabolism being directed towards NH4+ detoxification.

352 A Century and a Half of Nitrogen and Protein Metabolism in Ruminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 196-196
Author(s):  
Gerald B Huntington ◽  
Joan Eisemann
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Ruminant Metabolism

Abstract By 1870, we knew plants and animals contained protein, and the participation of protein and urea in animal and human N metabolism was recognized. Nitrogen balance studies had been conducted, and the atomic theory was established. By 1900, research established the concepts of energy and protein metabolic interactions, the role for urea in ruminant metabolism, amino acids as constituents of protein molecules, and enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Research stations were publishing research results and feeding recommendations. By 1950, the concept of biological value was established, and we knew ruminal microorganisms use dietary NPN, degrade dietary protein, and form microbial protein as a source of amino acids for ruminant tissue protein. By 2000, hypothesis-driven, statistically valid experimental designs created quantitative information on metabolizable protein and essential amino acid requirements. Use of surgically altered animals, isotopically labelled molecules, and standardized laboratory analyses created quantitative information on ingestion, ruminal degradability of dietary protein, digestion, absorption, and metabolism of N-containing compounds. Research showed that ruminants respond to manipulation of postruminal amino acid supply. We had elucidated protein composition and structure, the role of protein turnover to determine the concentration of cellular proteins, and the quantitative significance of protein turnover to whole body protein metabolism. The internet and the advent of international symposia provided links among researchers around the globe. By 2020, proteomics and metabolomics enhanced description of underlying control mechanisms related to amino acid metabolism. Research quantified integration of amino acid supply and use among body tissues. Multidisciplinary research teams had created empirical and mechanistic models. Those models currently use or estimate rates and daily amounts of ruminal (in)degradability of dietary protein, ammonia production, urea recycling, microbial protein synthesis, postruminal protein digestion, metabolic fecal nitrogen, and amino acid absorption and metabolism. They predict use of metabolizable amino acids for maintenance, reproduction, postnatal growth, and lactation.

Effects of atropine on plasma amino acid profiles and on the synthesis of individual milk proteins in dairy cows fed with pasture

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J Auldist ◽  
Catherine M Menzies ◽  
Colin G Prosser
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
In Blood Plasma

Effects of atropine on blood plasma amino acid profile and on the yields and concentration of milk components were investigated in 12 Friesian cows in early lactation. Cows were housed indoors and fed with cut pasture ad libitum. Each cow received four treatments over 12 d during a replicated 4×4 Latin square experiment. Treatments were: control (saline); low dose (L; 30 μg atropine/kg body weight (BW)); medium dose (M; 40 μg atropine/kg BW); and 2×L dose, 2 h apart (2×L). On each of four treatment days, cows were milked at about 7.00, after which treatments were administered by subcutaneous injection. Cows were milked again at 2 h, 6 h and 10 h after injection. Milk samples were collected at each milking. Immediately after the 2 h milking, blood samples were drawn from each cow and the second injection was given for the 2×L treatment. Atropine reduced hourly milk yield, and concentrations and hourly yields of total protein, casein, whey protein, α-casein, β-casein, κ-casein, β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin, but by differing amounts. Milk concentrations of bovine serum albumin and immunoglobulin G were increased by atropine, and overall yields of these proteins were mostly unchanged. Atropine lowered concentrations of most, but not all, amino acids in blood plasma, with essential amino acids reduced more than non-essential amino acids. Concentrations of α-amino N in whole blood, and glucose and insulin in blood plasma, fell after atropine injection. There was no difference between the L and M doses of atropine, but the 2×L dose had greater effects on milk composition than the single doses. For yields of milk and milk components, the effect of the 2×L dose was also more persistent. The results highlight the differential synthesis of individual milk proteins, and suggest that atropine might be useful for evaluating the mechanisms regulating milk protein composition.

scholarly journals Soybean Amino Acids in Health, Genetics, and Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Monte Singer ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
M.A. Rouf Mian ◽  
Haibo Huang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
Soybean Food ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

Soybean is an important source of protein and amino acids for humans and livestock because of its well-balanced amino acid profile. This chapter outlines the strengths and weaknesses of soybean as a complete amino acid source as well as the relative importance of individual amino acids. Special attention is paid to the sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine. Breeding and genetic engineering efforts are summarized to highlight previous accomplishments in amino acid improvement and potential avenues for future research. Agronomic properties and processing methods that affect amino acid levels in soybean food and feed are also explained. A brief introduction into current amino acid evaluation techniques is provided. By understanding the complexities of amino acids in soybean, protein quality for humans and livestock can be maximized.

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